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Anti Protozoa drugs	Formulations for animal diseases in India.
Select Drug	Select Disease
Albendazole Allopurinol Amphotericin B Amprolium Atovaquone and Azithromycin Buparvaquone Clindamycin Diclazuril Diaveridine Diminazene  Dinitolmide Fenbendazole  Halofuginone Imidocarb Isometamidium  Lasalocid -click here Maduramicin Meglumine antimoniate Metronidazole Miltefosine Monensin Narasin Nicarbazin Paromomycin Ponazuril Pyrimethamine Quinapyramine  Robenidine Ronidazole Salinomycin Semduramicin Sulfaquinoxilne Tinidazole  Toltrazuril	Poultry: (A). Coccidiosis (B). Canker Canine:  (A). Giardiasis  (B). Leishmaniasis  (C). Babesiosis (D). Toxoplasmosis  (E). Coccidiosis  (F). Trypanosomiasis Feline: (A) *Toxoplasmosis  (B) Cytauxzoonosis  (C). *Giardiasis  (D). *Coccidiosis  (E). *Babesiosis Ruminants: (A).**Coccidiosis  (B).*Giardiasis  (C). *Trypanosomiasis  (D). Theileriosis  (E). **Babesiosis Equine: (A). EPM  (B). **Trypanosomiasis  (C). Piroplasmosis Swine:  (A). ***Coccidiosis (B). Balantidiasis
Other pages Antibacterial drugs click here Anti fungal drugs click here Dewormers click here Anti-inflamatory and analgesics click here Drugs for GIT disorders click here Drugs for Rumen click here Drugs for Respiratory disorders click here Drugs for Cardiovascular disorders click here Drugs for Urinary disorders click here	Other pages Drugs for Reproductive System click here Drugs for Musculoskeletal disorders click here Drugs for Skin diseases click here Ophthalmic drugs click here Drugs for hormone and Metabolic disorders click here Anxiolytics and Anticonvulsants click here Drugs for hormone and Metabolic disorders click here Anaesthetics click here Liver tonics and supplements click here Anaesthetics click here Vaccination schedule click here

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Allopurinol

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitors).
Key features:

• Structural analog of the natural purine base, hypoxanthine.
• Metabolized in the liver into its active form, oxypurinol.
• Potential treatment option, particularly in veterinary medicine for canine leishmaniasis.

MOA:

• Allopurinol inhibits the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanin phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) in Leishmania. This action disrupts production of purines.

Effects:

• Prevention of DNA synthesis.
• Growth of Lieshmania is inhibited.

Side effects:

• Vomiting, lack of appetite or diarrhea.
• Xanthine stones may develop in dogs taking Allopurinol for long term. Low-purine diet should be fed to prevent this condition.

Drug combination:

• Miltefosine at 2 mg/kg/day, PO, for 4 weeks can be combined with allopurinol (10 mg/kg, PO, twice daily) to achieve better results.

Species:

• Dog.

Indication:

• Leishmaniasis

Dose:

• 10 mg/kg, PO, BD for 30 days.

Contraindication:

• Use with caution in animals that have liver or kidney problems.
• Red-tailed hawks other raptors.
• Hypersensitivity reaction to allopurinol.

Brands:
Human brands in India:

• Zyloric 100/300mg ( GlaxoSmithKline India).
• Ciploric 100/300mg ( Cipla India).
• Piloric 300mg ( Psycotropics India).
• Ranloric 100/300mg tab( Sun Pharma India).
• Mecnol 300mg ( Meccoy Lab India).

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Amprolium

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Atovaquone and Azithromycin

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Atovaquone ( hydroxynaphthoquinone).

Key features:

• An analog of ubiquinoneused to treat Babesia gibsoni in dogs and Cytauxzoon felis in cats.
• Atovaquone is practically insoluble in water soluble in fat and is highly protein bound.
• Oral absorption in animals approaches 50% and increases with feeding.
• Atovaquone when combined with azithromycin produce additive or synergistic effect.
• Atovaquone combined with azithromycin is the preferred antimicrobial regimen for babesiosis

MOA:

• Atovaquone acts as mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor by targeting the cytochrome bc1 complex in the protozoa, thereby inhibiting pyrimidine synthesis. DNA synthesis is stopped, causing protozoal death.

Effects:

• Atovaquone kills the babesia perticularly B gibsoni in dogs.

Side effects:

• Skin rashes.
• GIT upset from its anticholinergic effects can cause vomiting, shivering, excessive drooling, and tearing.

Azithromycin ( Macrolide).

Key features:

• A potent immunomodulator primarily prescribed to treat bacterial infections.
• It is also effective against some protozoal organisms such as Babesia spp. (eg, B microti), Plasmodium spp. (eg, malaria), and Toxoplasma gondii.
• Shows 97% bioavailability in dogs and 58% bioavailability in cats (58%) after oral administration.
• It is delivered to inflamed tissues via the leukocytes (both polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages).

 MOA:

• Azithromycin blocks the 50S ribosome in the apicoplast of the parasite, a bacteria-like organelle that carries out essential metabolic tasks.

Effects;

• Both antibacterial and antiprotozoal action.

Side effects:

• Vomiting, cholestatic hepatitis, stomatitis and glossitis. 

Species:

• Dog and Cat.

Indication:

• Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs.
• Cytauxzoon felis infection in cats.

Dose and treatment protocol:

Atovaquone:

• 13.5mg/kg PO TID administered with a fatty meal for 10 consecutive days.

Azithromycin:

• 10mg/kg PO OD empty stomach for 10 consecutive days.

Contraindication:

Azithromycin:

• Hepatic and renal failure.

Atovaquone:

• Do not use in dogs and cats with known hypersensitivity.

Brands:

Atovaquone:

• Atvaquin 250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab ( Vivaldis India).
• Atova 250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab ( Panav Biotech Pooch India).
• Vaquon  250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab (Vvaan India).
• Atavon 250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab (Sihil Animal Health India).
• Vetdox 60ml ( 375mgAtovaquone /ml) aq syrup (Corise India).

Azithromycin:

• Azirib100ml( 40mg Azithromycin/ml 0 oral suspension (Sayrib Life Care  India).
• Azicin 40 100ml ( 40 mg Azithromycin /ml ) ( Prevet Livestock Services India).
• Azimycine 250mg ( 250mg Azithromycin) tab ( Corise ndia).
• Azimycine 100ml( 10mg Azithromycin/ml) syrup( Corise ndia).
• Azihv 100gm Azithromycin powder (Healthyvet Pharma India).
• Azeecin 100gm Azithromycin powder( Silicon Pharma India).
• Azorvet 100ml (40mg Azithromycin/ml 0 oral suspension (Vet Plus  India).

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Buparvaquone

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Buparvaquone(class of naphthoquinones).

Key features:

• Second-generation hydroxynaphthoquinone antiprotozoal drug.
• Used to treat or prevent tick-transmitted theileriosis caused by Theileria parva or T. annulate.
• Related to parvaquone and atovaquone.
• Found to have an anti-Leishmanial activity.
• Exhibits immunosuppressive effect.
• Administered intramuscularly.
• Rapidly absorbed from injection site into the bloodstream and distributed to various tissues and organs.
• The distribution depends on factors like blood flow and tissue composition.
• Metabolized in the liver and is processed there.
• Eliminated through urine and bile.
• For milk, the withdrawal period is 48 hours.

MOA:

• Buparvaquone binds to the Qo site of cytochrome b. It inhibits Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase. This action blocks the mitochondrial electron transport at complex III (bc1 complex) of the respiratory chain of protozoa. As a result, it inhibits pyrimidine synthesis, prevents DNA synthesis, and leads to protozoal death.

Effects:

• Kills the target protozoa.

Side-effects:

• Localized reactions and pain at the injection site are common.
• Serious side effects may include signs of an allergic reaction (skin rash, fever, facial swelling, or difficulty breathing.

Species:

• Cattle.

Indication:

• Buparvaquone is used to treat Theileriosis. It also prevents all types of Theileriosis such as East Coast fever, Corridor disease, Zimbabwe Theileriosis, and Tropical Theileriosis.

Dose:

• 2.5 mg/kg IM single dose.

Contraindication:

• Hypersensitivity to any of formulation.
• Vaccines should be delayed until the animal fully recovers from illness because this medicine weakens the immune system.
• Subcutaneous or intravenous routes.

Brands

• Zubion 20 ml (50mgBuparvaquone/ml) Inj vial (Intas India).
• Butalex 20 ml (50mgBuparvaquone/ml) Inj vial( MSD Animal Health India).
• Bupasure 20 ml (50mgBuparvaquone/ml) Inj vial(Assure Biotech India).
• Nicoquin 20 ml (50mgBuparvaquone/ml) Inj vial (Nicosia Biolabs India).
• Bupamed 30 ml (50mgBuparvaquone/ml) Inj vial(Medilogy Biotech India).
• Bupamed 2ml (50mgBuparvaquone/ml) Inj vial(Medilogy Biotech India).
• Bupa one 20 ml (50mgBuparvaquone/ml) Inj vial(Vetmed India).
• Bovithiel 20 ml (50mgBuparvaquone/ml) Inj vial( Bovicure Pharma India).

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Clindamycin

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Clindamycin ( lincosamide class).

Key features:

• Clindamycin has similar structure and effects as lincomycin.
• Works mainly against gram-positive bacteria and can accumulate in white blood cells and other tissues.
• Remains one of the drugs of choice for most anaerobic infections.
• Not effective against facultative gram-negative bacteria but can be prescribed with an antimicrobial covering gram-negative bacteria when treating mixed infections.
• Treatment of choice for toxoplasmosis in dogs and cats, but there are some controversial reports regarding its its indication in toxoplasmosis.
• usually used in ophthalmology for the treatment of Toxoplasma infections.Toxoplasmosis usually causes posterior chorioretinitis.
• Lipophilic and achieves wide distribution throughout the body.
• Accumulates in walled-off abscesses.
• Metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily in the urine and bile.
• In dogs the volume of distribution (VD) is 2.5 L/kg, the oral absorption is 73%, and the half-life is 7-10 hours after a dose of 11 mg/kg.

 MOA:

• Clindamycin reduces the level of replication of T. gondii by affecting the protein synthesis of free parasites.
• Clindamycin impairs the ability of tachyzoites to infect host cells.

Effects:

• Clindamycin is broad spectrum antibiotic. It also inhibits the growth of toxoplasma.

Side effects:

• Anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea with higher doses

Drug combination:

• Clindamycin is often prescribed in combination with other medications, such as pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine.
• A combination of clindamycin, diminazene aceturate, and imidocarb dipropionate effectively treats B. gibsoni and is used for atovaquone-resistant strains.

Species:

• Cat and Dog.

Indication:

• Toxoplasmosis in cat and dog.
• Neosporosis in dog.

Dose:

• 10 to 20 mg/kg PO BD for 2 weeks in dogs.
• 10 to 12.5 mg/kg PO BD for 2 to 4 weeks in cats.
• 35 mg per subconjunctival injection for ocular toxoplasmosis in cats. 25 mg/kg PO OD for 2-6 weeks may reduce the ophthalmic signs of ocular toxoplasmosis in the cat.
• Each oral dose followed by a food or water swallow to prevent possible esophagitis.

Contraindication:

• Animals allergic to drug.
• Use cautiously in patients with history of regional enteritis and antibiotic associated colitis.
• Pulmonic toxoplasmosis in cats.

Brands:

• Clindapet 30ml( 25mg Clindamycin/ml ) inj vial( Offered by Vea Impex India loyal pet zone/ India loyal pet zone India).
• Clindapet 300(300mg Clindamycin) tab (offered by Vea Impex India/ loyal pet zone India).
• Clivet 150(150mg Clindamycin) tab( Corise India).
• Goclin 150 (150mg Clindamycin) tab (Veko India).
• Petclind 450 (450mg Clindamycin) tab (Pet care India).
• Petclind 600 (600mg Clindamycin) tab(Pet care India).

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Clopedol

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Clopidol ( pyridone-derivative).

Key features:

• Coccidiostatic.
• Structurally related to the quinolones. coccidiostat used as an aid in the prevention of coccidiosis in broiler chickens and replacement layers(pullets).
• Accumulates primarily in eggs rather than the other edible tissues.
• Also used to prevent leucocytozoonosis caused by Leucocytozoon smithi in turkeys grown for meat purposes only.
• Resistance may develop rapidly when used for long duration.
• Withdrawn period is five days before slaughter.

MOA:

• Eimeria Tanella oocysts mainly use succinate or malate with pyruvate to consume oxygen. Clopidol probably inhibits succinate dehydrogenase.
• Thus, Clopidol Inhibits mitochondrial energy production thereby inhibiting the development of sporozoites and trophozoites of certain Eimeria species.

Effects:

• Effective against certain Eimeria species.
• Less effective against against E. acervulina.

Species:

• Broiler chickens, Pullets and Turkey.

Indication:

• Prevention of coccidiosis in broiler and pullets.
• Leucocytozoonosis in turkey.

Drug combination:

• Clopidol +Methyl benzoquate shows synergetic effect.

Dose:

• 0.008 % (80 mg/kg feed) to 0.025 % (250 mg/kg feed) until slaughter (broilers), or until 16 weeks of age (replacement pullets).

Contraindication:

• Not available.
• Should be avoided in layers as the drug concentrates in the eggs.

Brands:

• Clopicox 25kg( Clopidol – 25%) powder( Provet India).
• Clopidol( 25%) 25 kg powder( offered by Efipharmind India).

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Diaveridine

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Diaveridine( aminopyridine).

Key feature:

• A folic acid antagonist.
• An antibacterial agent that affects bacterial DNA production.
• Acts as a parasite-fighting agent and drug allergen.
• Harmful to aquatic organisms.
• Used with sulfonamides to combat Eimeria parasites.
• Absorption is poor in intestine, with the highest plasma concentration being only one-fifth that of Trimethoprims.
• Concentrates mainly in the intestines.

MOA:

• Diaveridine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, preventing folic acid synthesis in bacteria and protozoa.
• Diaveridine is also genotoxic, inducing structural chromosomal aberrations and inducing DNA damage in mammals.

Effects:

• Diaveridine is effective against many bacteria, including E. coli, Clostridium, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus anthracis.
• Diaveridine effectively fights coccidia, making it popular for preventing chicken coccidiosis, fowl cholera, and pullorum.

Side effects:

• Not known. Possibly gut related problem may occur.

Drug combination:

• Sulphaquinoxaline + Diaveridine produce synergetic effect against bacteria and protozoa.

Species:

• Broiler chicken and turkey.

Indication:

• Haemorrhagic enteritis caused by Eimeria species
• Cecal coccidiosis caused by Eimeria tenella
• Fowl cholera (pasteurellosis) and typhoid caused by Salmonella gallinarum in turkeys

Dose:

• 3 days treatment – 2 days off – 3 days treatment protocol: 0.02-0.03g/liter drinking water.

Contra indication :

• Should be avoided in mammals due its genotoxic effect.

Brands:

• Supercox 100g(3.3 g Diaveridine +18.7 gm Sulphaquinoxaline) powder ( Vetoquinol India).
• V-Cox 100g (2.3 g Diaveridine + 13.4 gm Sulphaquinoxaline) (Versha Multitech India).

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Diclazuril

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Diclazuril (benzene acetonitrile derivative)

Key features:

• Triazine based antiprotozoal drug.
• Coccidiostat in broiler chickens.
• Specifically active against apicomplexan coccidial infections.
• FDA-approved for the treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM).
• Toxicity is low.
• The withdrawal time is 5 days for broiler chickens.

MOA:

• Diclazuli targets plastid body. This is a chloroplast-like organelle found in the members of the Apicomplexa phylum. These members include Sarcocystis neurona.
• Diclazuril ihibits merozoite production in the life cycle S. neurona.

Effects:

• Coccidiostatic effect on the asexual or sexual stages of the development cycle of the parasite.
• Broad spectrum of activity targeting various Eimeria species (Eimeria tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. mitis (mivati), E. maxima, E. crandallis, and E. ovinoidalis).
• Anti-S. neurona effect in horse.
• Action is cidal rather than static against susceptible organisms.

Side Effects:

• GIT upset can be seen.

Species:

• Broile Chicken ,Calf ,Lamb , Horse, Cat and Dog.

Indication:

• Coccidiosis in poultry, lambs calves, dogs and cats.
• Isospora infection in cats.
• Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma infections in dogs or cats.
• EPM in horses.

Dose:

Poultry:

• 1mg/kg feed during growing period.

Dog and Cat:

• 25 mg/kg PO once for coccidiosis in dog and cat.
• 2.5 mg/4kg PO for coccidiosis in kitten.
• 25 mg/kg PO once for Isospora spp. infections in cat.

Sheep:

• 1 mg/kg PO once for treatment of coccidiosis in lambs .
• 1 mg/kg PO at about 4-6 weeks of age. Give a 2nd dose 3 weeks later for prevention of coccidiosis in lambs.

Cattle:

• 1 mg/kg PO single dose for control of coccidiosis in calves.

Horse:

• 1 mg/kg PO for 28 days for treatment of EPM in horses.

Contraindication:

• Should be avoided in egg laying birds.
• Hypersensitivity to diclazuril.

Brands:

• Vetdiclazuri 500 ml(Diclazuril 2.5% )oral Liq (Biomir Venture India).
• Vetdiclazuri 1000 ml(Diclazuril 2.5% )oral Liq (Biomir Venture India).
• Coccidoline-D 25kg (Diclazuril 0.5% ) feed supplement( Vetbiochem India).

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Diminazene aceturate

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

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Dinitolmide

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Dinitolmide (dinitro toluene).

Key features:

• Also known as Zoalene.
• Coccidiostat.
• Feed additive for prophylaxis against coccidiosis infections in poultry.
•  FDA approved for the prevention and control of coccidiosis in chickens and turkeys.
• Hazardous for man as it may cause mutations so should be handle with extreme caution.
• Efficacy is limited to Eimeria tenell and E. necatrix unless combined with other products.
• for poultry.

MOA:

• Dinitolmide arrests the asexual stages in parasite development.

Effects:

• Coccidiostat.

Side effects:

• Not reported.

Species:

• Broiler chicken and turkey.

Indication:

• Prevention and control of coccidiosis.

Dose:

• 454 g/909 kg feed making 0.0125% dinitolmide concentration in broiler.
• 681 g/909 kg feed to produce a finished feed containing 0.0187% dinitolmide in turkey .
• The feed should be fed continuously until the birds are 14 to 16 weeks of age.

Contraindication:

• Not to be fed to laying birds.
• Consult a vet if losses exceed 0.5% in two days.

Brands:

• Veldot 5kg (125g Dinitolmide/500g) ( Venkys India).

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Imidocarb

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

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Isometamidium chloride

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Isometamidium chloride (triazene trypanocide agent).

Key features:  

• Consists of a single ethidium bromide (homidium) like subunit linked to a fragment of the diminazene molecule. 
• Accumulates in two compartments of trypanosomes, the cytoplasm and the kinetoplast.
• Resistance to drug is a big issue.
• poorly absorbed from GIT.
• Milk withdrawal period is 0 day.
• meat withdrawal period is 30 days.

MOA:

• Isometamidium chloride crosses the cell membrane through facilitated diffusion, using no energy as it moves along a concentration gradient. Once in the cytoplasm, it can enter the mitochondria by the same process. It is possibly assisted by the mitochondrial voltage. Alternatively, it might enter through an unknown energy-dependent transporter. Isometamidium disrupts mitochondrial function, causing energy deficiency in Trypanosoma.

Effects:

• Trypanocidal action:

Side effects:

• Vomiting, ataxia, weakness, defecation, lacrimation and salivation.
• Slow and shallow respiration.

species:

• Dog, Horse, cattle, Camel, Sheep and Goat.

Indication:

• Prevention and treatment of trypanosomiasis.

Dose:

• Treatment: 0.5mg/kg B.wt by deep I/M Injection.
• Prevention: 1mg/kg B wt by deep I/M.

Contraindication:

• S/c injection.
• Hypersensitivity.

 Brands:

• Surral 25 ml (125mg Isometamedium)) dry powder inj( Alembic India).
• Isomid 1g (1000 mg Isometamedium) sachet (IPPL India).
• Isomid 125mg (125mg Isometamedium) sachet (IPPL India).
• Glorodium 1g (1000 mg Isometamedium) sachet (Gloria Exports India).
• Vetodium 1g (1000 mg Isometamedium) sachet (Vetox India).

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Lasalocid

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Lasalocid(an ionophore).

Key features:

• Closely related to monensin
• Cationic ionophore antibiotic produced by a streptomycete lasaliensis.
• Least toxic of the ionophore
• Used as a coccidiostat in cattle, sheep, rabbits, and poultry for control of coccidia and improvement of feed efficiency.
• Horses are highly suseptible , poultry the least sensitive, and cattle are moderately sensitive.

MOA:

• Lasalocid forms complexes with sodium and potassium ions. This action renders the parasite membranes permeable to ions, and mitochondrial functions are inhibited. The trophozoite stage is most susceptible to lasalocid.

Effects:

• Anti coccidial action by increasing the permeability of biological lipid membranes to specific ions.

Side effects:

• Damage of cardiac and skeletal muscles.
• Horses can be poisoned by eating cattle or poultry feed that containslasolocid.
• Long-term damage to the heart muscles can cause sudden death even months after exposure.
• Muscle necrosis and myoglobinuria.
• Loss of appetite, diarrhea, dullness, weakness, loss of weight.

Species:

• Cattle, Sheep, Rabbits, and Poultry.

Indication:

• Prevention and control of coccidiosis.
• To improve feed efficiency and rate of weight gain in ruminants.

Dose:

• Cattle: 1 mg/kg per day with feed. Feed continuously during exposure to coccidia. Do not feed to calves to be processed for veal.
• Sheep: 15 to 70 mg/head per day. Feed continuously during exposure to coccidia.
• Rabbits: 113 g per ton feed fed to rabbits until 6.5 weeks of age.
• Poultry: 68 to 113 g/ton feed.

Contraindication:

• Do not feed to horses.
• Do not exceed recommended dosage in ruminants.

Brands:

• Lasovis 25kg ( 15% lasalosid sodium ) premix granules (Innovista Feeding Solution India).

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Miltefosine

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Miltefosine (Hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine)

Key features:

• Phospholipid analogue acting as :

1. Antineoplastic agent 2. Antiprotozoal drug,.3.Antifungal agent 4. Immunomodulator 5. Anti-inflammatory agent 6. Apoptosis inducer 7. Protein kinase inhibitor 8. Anticoronaviral agent.

• highly active oral drug for treatment of leishmaniosis.
• Most of the miltefosine given to dogs by mouth is absorbed by their gut.
• Doesn’t always eliminate the parasite.
• Half life is long (almost 6 days) so should be adminstred for 28 days.
• Metabolized in liver and excreted through bile.
• Does not effect kidney function.

MOA:

• Miltefosine targets cellular membranes. It modulates cell membrane permeability, membrane lipid composition, and phospholipid metabolism.
• Miltefosine controls mitogenic signal transduction leading to inhibition of cell growth.
• Miltefosine blocks the MAPK(mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, balancing it with the SAPK(stress-activated protein kinase) pathways. This leads to apoptosis.
• Miltefosine stimulates T-cells, macrophages and the expression of interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon gamma (INF-gamma).
• Miltefosine activates cellular proteases in Leishmania spp., which results in apoptosis. Resistance to miltefosine can result from increased P-glycoprotein–mediated drug efflux and decreased drug uptake.

Effects:

• Cell growth inhibition.
• Immunomodulation.
• Protozoal cell death.

Side effects:

• Mild and transient vomiting and diarrhea.
• In contrast to meglumine antimoniate, miltefosine does not appear to contribute to renal pathology in dogs.
• Decrease in hematocrit and white cell count.

Drug combination:

• Miltefosine at 2 mg/kg/day, PO, for 4 weeks can be combined with allopurinol (10 mg/kg, PO, twice daily) to achieve better results.

Species:

• Dog.

Indication :

• Leishmaniosis.

Dose:

• Miltefosine at 2 mg/kg/day, PO, for 4 weeks.

Contraindication:

• Pregnancy.

Brands:
Human brands in India:

• Leisheon 50 cap(Aeon Formulations India).
• Jollifos 50 cap( Jolly Healthcare India).
• Impataj 50 cap( Taj Pharma India).

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Ponazuril

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

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Semduramicin

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Semduramicin(Monocarboxylic acid polyether ionophore).

Key features:

• Approved for chickens as a coccidiostat.
• Highly effective drug against Eimeria and is well tolerated by chickens.
• Obtained during fermentation of Actinomadura roseorufa.

MOA:

• Semduramicin( divalent ionophore)binds calcium and magnesium cations only and disrupts ion gradients across cell membrane of sporozoites or early merozoites.
• Development of sporozoites is arrested by increasing the concentration of intracellular Na+ ions.
• It also increases the activity of Na+/K+/ATPase and affect merozoites by causing the cell membrane to burst.

Effects:

• Coccidiostatic action.

Side effects:

• Cardiac toxicity.
• Muscle degeneration.
• Neuropathy, due to myelin degeneration.
• Ataxia.

Drug combinations:

• Semduramicin+ Bacitracin/virginamicin for anticoccidial and antibacterial use.

Species:

• Broiler chickens.

Dose:

• 20-25mg /kg PO.

Indication:

• Anticoccidial drugs for poultry and/or growth promotants in ruminants.

Contraindication:

• Should not be given with tiamulin.

Brands:

• Aviax 1kg(as semduramicin sodium 51.3 g/kg) powder ( Phibro Animal Health corporation US )

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Sulfaquinoxilne

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Sulfaquinoxilne(belongs to the class quinoxalines).

Key features:

• Bicyclic heterocyclic compound made up of a benzene ring fused to a pyrazine ring is called a quinoxaline.
• An antiprotozoal agent used to combat coccidial infections of swine, cattle, fowl, and other veterinary animals.
• Also used in controlling outbreaks of fowl typhoid and fowl cholera and in treatment of infectious enteritis.
• Withdrawal period for meat is 14 days.
• Mix in the drinking water. Make fresh solutions daily. Most sulfonamides are readily absorbed orally.
• Milk withdrawal time for sulfadimidine is 5 days.
• Can demage kidneys by forming crystal in urinary tract.
• To avoid kidney demage ,fluid therapy and alkalisers should be used concurrently during this drug therapy.

MOA:

• Sulfaquinoxaline blocks dihydrofolate synthetase, hindering nucleic acid synthesis in bacteria and coccidia.
• Its peak activity against coccidia occurs during the second schizont stage. This stage is the fourth day of the coccidial life cycle. This timing means it does not interfere with the anti-coccidial immunity in chickens.

Effects:

• Antibacterial activity.
• Anticoccidial action.

Side effects:

• Anoexia.
• Hypersensitivity.
• Renal problem.
• Coagulopathy due to inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase.
• Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs.
• Aplastic anemia caused by the reduction in serum folate .

Drug combination:

• Sulfaquinoxaline + pyrimethamine
• Sulfaquinoxaline + diaveridine
• Sulfaquinoxaline + sulfamezathine + sulfamerazine
• Amprolium + sulfaquinoxaline + ethopabate
• Amprolium + sulfaquinoxaline + ethopabate + pyrimethamine

Species:

• Calf, Sheep Swine and Poultry.

Indication:

• The most common use of sulfaquinoxaline is for treatment of enteritis caused by coccidia in calves, swine , sheep, and poultry.

Dose:

• Preventive: 10-20mg/kg body weight through drinking water or milk for 21 days.
• Curative: 100-200 mg/kg body weight through drinking water or milk for 5 day in calf, swine and sheep. 1 g/1-2 litres of drinking water for 5 – 7 days in poultry.

Contraindications:

• Hypersensitivity.
• Concurrent use of calcium or polyionic fluids.
• Concurrent use of antacids.
• Renal insufficiency.

Brands:

• BSTAC powder 100g(Sulfaquinoxaline 17.5 g+ Amprolium Hydrochloride 17.5 g+Vitamin A1 retinol acetate 1,500,000 I.U + Vitamin K3 500 mg) packet(IPPL India)
• Supercox powder 10g (Sulphaquinaxaline 18.7 g.+ Diaveridine 3.3 g) packet ( Vetoquinol India).

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Tinidazole

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Tinidazole (Nitroimidazole).

Key features:

• Shows antibacterial and antiprotozoal action.
• Completely absorbed from gut with a bioavailability of 100% in cats and dogs.
• Effective against Giardia, Trichomonas, and Entamoeba causing diarrhea.
• Used as substitute for Metronidazole to treat anaerobic infections in cat, dog and horse.

MOA:

• Ferredoxin-mediated electron transport system in protozoa reduces nitro group of tinidazole resulting in the formation free nitro radicals. These free nitro radicals bind DNA and make it unstable. The DNA synthesis is stopped, ultimately leading to death of parasite.

Effects:

• Protozoacidal action against target parasite.

Side effects:

• Nervous signs like ataxia, tremors, nystagmus, and seizures caused by inhibition of action of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). Benzodiazepines (diazepam) reverse the signs.
• GIT problems including vomiting and anorexia.

Drug combination:

Species:

• Dog and cat.

Indication:

• Diarrhea caused by Giardia, Trichomonas, and Entamoeba.

Dose:

• 15mg/kg PO IV BD in dogs
• 30mg / kg PO OD for 14 days in cats.

Contraindication:

• Hypersensitivity to drug.
• Use cautiously in animals suffering nervous disease.

Brands:

• Cflox Tz 3g (1500mg Ciprofloxacin +1800mg Tinidazole) Bolus (Intas India).
• NT – Gole Vet 3g – (1200mg Norfloxacin +1800mg Tinidazole) Bolus( Intas India).
• Box -Tz 3.6 g (900mg Ofloxacin +2700mg Tinidazole) Bolus (Relife Pharmaceuticals India).
• Dotcip-Tz 3.3g (1500mg Ciprofloxacin +1800mg Tinidazole) Bolus (Dotcom Pharma India).
• Norpic-Tz 3g (1200mg Norfloxacin+ 1800mg Tinidazole )Bolus (PCI Pharma India)
• Norlx-Tz –3g (1200mg Norfloxacin+ 1800mg Tinidazole )Bolus Norfloxacin & Tinidazole Bolus( Lixir Vetcare India).

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Coccidiosis in Poultry -Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Description:

Etiology

Coccidiosis is a significant disease affecting young chickens up to 6 weeks of age and turkeys, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. The main species affecting broiler chickens are E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella, while in turkeys, they are E. adenoides, E. gallopavonis, and E. meleagrimitis.

Pathogenesis

Birds become infected by consuming sporulated oocysts found in litter, feed, or water, with only sporulated oocysts being infectious. These oocysts take 24-48 hours to sporulate under proper conditions. Once ingested, the oocysts are broken down in the gizzard, releasing smaller cysts called sporocysts that contain infectious sporozoites. These sporozoites enter the intestinal cells, multiply rapidly through a process called fission, leading to further cell damage and impaired nutrient absorption. Secondary bacterial infection by Clostridium perfringens causes necrotic enteritis. The parasites undergo a final multiplication stage called gametogony, where they produce microgametes and macrogametes, leading to more infections and zygote production to restart the cycle. The damage to intestinal cells leads to inflammation, nutrient malabsorption, stunted growth, and poor feed utilization. This damage can also change intestinal permeability, causing fluid leakage into the intestine and promoting harmful bacteria growth like Clostridium perfringens. Clostridium perfringens cause necrotizing enteritis, which is necrosis of the intestines. This can lead to the death of birds at a mass level in poultry farms.

Clinical Symptoms

One of the first signs of coccidiosis is reduced eating and drinking, which leads to slower growth and overall vitality in affected birds. As the illness progresses, the bird becomes less active, often isolating itself from the flock, and presents with a hunched posture and ruffled feathers, signaling discomfort and distress. Observing these behavioral changes is crucial for early intervention. Other indicators of this infection include runny droppings that may exhibit discoloration or traces of blood, both of which are alarming signs that warrant immediate attention. Birds that survive severe infections typically recover within 10–14 days, though they may not achieve full growth and production levels as seen in healthy birds. This can have lasting impacts on their overall health and productivity. The lesions primarily affect the intestinal tract and often have distinct locations and appearances that greatly aid in diagnosis. Understanding these symptoms and their implications can empower caregivers and poultry owners to take swift action, ensuring the well-being of their flocks and improving management practices to prevent future outbreaks. Awareness and timely intervention are key to effectively managing coccidiosis and safeguarding bird health.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis in chickens is based on observing lesions and detecting high parasite numbers in mucosal scrapings, while in turkeys, signs include diarrhea and increased mortality, confirmed by postmortem examinations. E. tenella infections occur only in the ceca and can be identified by the presence of blood there. At necropsy, cecal cores are filled with clotted blood, tissue debris, and oocysts. E. necatrix causes significant lesions in the upper and middle parts of the small intestine. The serosal surface shows small white spots mixed with red spots of different sizes, often described as “salt and pepper.” White spots are a key indicator of E. necatrix if large schizonts are seen under a microscope. E. acervulina caused lesions include numerous whitish, oval or transverse patches in the upper half of the small intestine, which may be easily distinguished on gross examination.

Treatment and Control

Control methods include prophylactic anticoccidial drugs or live coccidia vaccines, with a combination treatment known as a Bio-shuttle used to manage coccidiosis and minimize damage. Anticoccidials are given in the feed to prevent disease. Prophylactic use is preferred, because most of the damage occurs before signs become apparent and because drugs cannot completely stop an outbreak. Therapeutic treatments are usually given by water because of the logistical constraints on feed administration. Antibiotics and increased levels of vitamins A and K are sometimes used in the ration to improve rate of recovery and prevent secondary infections. Anticoccidials are commonly withdrawn from broilers 3–7 days before slaughter to meet regulatory requirements and to reduce production costs. Because broilers have varying susceptibility to infection at this point, the risk of coccidiosis outbreaks is increased with longer withdrawal. Turkeys are given a preventive anticoccidial for confinement-reared birds up to 8–10 weeks of age. Older birds are considered less susceptible to outbreaks.

.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary formulation in India
Amprolium: 125mg/iter drinking water.	Kampro-H 250 gm premix(Venkys India). Kampro-H 1kg premix( Venkys India). Amprolium 250g powder( Virbac India). Amprocox 1kg ( powder( Vetline India). Amprocox 100g powder ( Interchemie India). Amprolium 250g powder( Vetoquinol India). Amprovin 1kg ( Grow vet international India).
Clopidol: 80 mg/kg feed to 250 mg/kg feed.	Clopicox 25kg (Clopidol – 25%) powder (Provet India). Clopidol (25%) 25 kg powder (offered by Efipharmind India).
Diclazuril: 1mg/kg feed during growing period.	Vetdiclazuri 500 ml (Biomir Venture India). Vetdiclazuri 1000 ml (Biomir Venture India). Coccidoline-D 25kg ( Vetbiochem India). CMP-1 5kg premix(Venkys India) CMP-200 5kg premix(Venkys India).
Diclazuril+Toltrazuril: (1mg/liter drinking water+ 7 mg/kg body).	Zucox oral 250ml oral syrup ( Nicosia Labs India). Zucox oral oral syrup ( Nicosia Labs India). Trazoril 500ml oral syrup ( Credence Remedies India).
Dinitolmide: 125mg/kg feed (preventive) or 250 mg/kg feed (curative).	Veldot 5kg( Venkys India).
Lasalocid: 68 to 113 g/ton feed.	Lasovis 25kg ( 15% lasalosid sodium ) premix granules (Innovista Feeding Solution India).
Maduramicin: 5–7 mg/kg feed	Adura-f 25kg premix (Meilleur Healthcare India). Maduradian 25kg Nutridian Animal Health India).
Monensin+Nicarbazin: (100-110 mg/kg feed +100-125 mg/kg ).	Glavitro MNX 25kg (Glamac India).
Monensin: 100-110 mg/kg feed	Biosin-M 25kg grnules(Biochem Pharma India). Moncure 25kg (Konya Life Sciences India).
Narasin: 60-80 mg/kg feed.	Narasin 20% Premix 25 kg powder( Indo Pharma Inida). Narasin 20% 25 kg Granules (Sihauli Chemicals India). Narasin 20% Granules (Jaysum Biotech India).
Nicarbazin: 100-125 mg/kg for broilers (< 4 weeks age).	Glavitro 25kg (Nicarbazin 8% + Maduramicin 0.75%) powder( Glamac India). Nicarbazin Narasin 1kg (Nicarbazin 8% +Narasin 8%)Granules( Myra Biopharma India).
Salinomycin: 24%premix/1000kg feed for 250 broiler birds.	Coccidolin-S 25kg (Salinomycin-12%.) bag( Vetbiochem India). Sacox 25kg(Salinomycin-12%.) bag( Huvepharma India). Salicox 25kg (Salinomycin-12%.) bag (Rainbow health care India). 4. Salicox 50 kg (Salinomycin-12%.) bag (Rainbow health care India).
Robenidine: 33ppm ( 33mg /kg feed).	Robecox 25 kg (100mg Rbenidine hydrochloride/gm) bag( Provet Pharma India). D-Cox 25kg (100mg Rbenidine hydrochloride/gm) bag(Quadragen Vethealth India). Robenz Medicated Premix 20kg (100mg Rbenidine hydrochloride/gm) bag (Zoetis Canada) offered by GNH India.
Sulfaquinoxaline + Amprolium Hydrochloride: (1-2g /liter drinking water 125mg /liter drinking water).	BSTAC powder 100g (IPPL India).
Sulphaquinaxaline + Diaveridine: (1-2g /liter drinking water +0.02-0.03g/liter drinking water).	Supercox powder 10g ( Vetoquinol India).
Sulfaquinoxaline+   Pyrimethamine: (1-2g /kg feed +8.5mg /feed).	Nil

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Canker in Pigeon -Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Etiology

Canker is devastating protozoal disease of gastrointestinal tract in pigeon and is caused by Trichomonas columbae . The infection occurs by contact between birds for transmission, typically occurring through saliva or pigeon milk. Saliva contaminates food and water with trichomonads are the main source of infection. Adult birds may also transmit the organism during ‘billing’, particularly when parents feed their nestlings.

Pathogenesis

The organism elicits an inflammatory response within digestive organs, resulting in severe ulceration and the buildup of thick yellow inflammatory debris. As the lesions progress, they can obstruct the throat and trachea, leading to complications in swallowing and respiration. Additionally, the organism releases toxins into the bird’s system, which may inflict damage on the liver and kidneys.

Clinical Symptoms

Common clinical manifestations include a general decline in health, difficulty swallowing, vomiting, regurgitation, saliva accumulating at the beak margins, weight loss, respiratory distress, noticeable swelling of the throat, presence of yellow material within the oral cavity, and high mortality rates, particularly among juvenile birds. The organism is fragile outside the host, surviving for only a few minutes in the environment, which aids in disease management and precludes infection from the loft or immediate surroundings, in contrast to other diseases such as worms and paratyphoid. . Following exposure to canker organisms, a range of outcomes may ensue; some birds may manifest severe disease, while others may become infected yet remain asymptomatic. Infected birds may or may not eradicate the organism from their systems over time. The outcome of exposure is influenced by several factors, including the bird’s age, overall health, and prior exposure leading to potential immunity development.

Diagnosis

Frequently, the lesion presentation is indicative of canker, with diagnosis confirmed through microscopic examination of a saliva sample or crop aspirate, known as a crop flush.

Treatment

The most commonly used medicine for treating pigeon canker is Ronidazole given in drinking water. Another option is Metronidazole that is also given in drinking water.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary formulation in India
Metronidazole: 40mg/bird or 400omg is disoved in 1 liter drinking water and 10 ml of it is given.	Metrohat 60ml (50mg Metronidazole/ml) syrup ( Hatvet India). Candontal 125mg( ( 50mg Metronidazole+750000 iu Spiramycin) tab( Veko India). Metrozole plus 100ml (100mg Metronidazole/ml) syrup (Vetox India).
Ronidazole: 1-1.5g /liter drinking water.	Ronivet-S 100g (60mg Ronidazole/g) powder ( Vetafarm Australia). Ronidazole 30 mg tab ( Vitaking Products USA)  Ronidazole 40% -100g powder (Pantex Holand). Ronidazole 10% -100g powder (PetACS USA).

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Giardiasis in dogs in India-Disease description, Drugs and formulations in India.

Disease description:

Etiology

Giardiasis predominantly affects young dogs under one year of age more than adults. The protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis is the causative agent of Giardiasis in dogs. G duodenalis is found worldwide and infects different hosts, raising concerns about Giardia infections in pets and the risk of transmission from pets to their owners.

Pathogenesis

Cysts of Giardia duodenalis found in food and water are ingested by dogs and transform into trophozoites in the duodenum, which strongly attach to the small intestine using a structure called the ventral disc. These trophozoites damage the gut lining and cause changes that disrupt nutrient absorption and weaken the gut barrier. As they move into the large intestine, they encyst and are expelled in feces. Giardia infections increase gut permeability, raise the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and activate T lymphocytes. The toxins from trophozoites and T-cell activation lead to shortened microvilli and reduced activity of important enzymes, which decreases the surface area for absorption in the small intestine, impairing the intake of water, electrolytes, and nutrients. Additionally, proteins released by Giardia trophozoites harm the intestinal mucous barriers and disrupt cell junctions. This combination of decreased absorption, enzyme deficiencies, and a loss of cell integrity leads to malabsorptive diarrhea. The reduced lipase activity and increased mucin production by goblet cells help explain the greasy stools and mucous diarrhea seen in giardiasis.

Clinical Symptoms

Some dogs with Giardia infection do not present any clinical signs. In others, the clinical signs of Giardia infection include malabsorption, foul-smelling feces, chronic diarrhea, and significant weight loss or insufficient weight gain. Even apparently healthy animals, particularly adults, can harbor chronic subclinical infections and continuously shed cysts. Microscopic lesions that show villous atrophy and cuboidal enterocytes may be present.

Diagnosis

Fecal flotation is an essential diagnostic tool for screening healthy animals and diagnosing giardiasis in those suspected of infection. The recovery of Giardia cysts is optimized through centrifugal flotation in zinc sulfate solution, and the addition of Lugol’s iodine stain significantly enhances cyst visualization. Patient-side enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), such as the SNAP Giardia Test by IDEXX and the VETSCAN Canine Giardia Rapid Test by Zoetis, provide swift and reliable results in clinical settings. Advanced in-clinic artificial intelligence (AI) microscopes, including VETSCAN IMAGYST by Zoetis and the Element AIM by Heska, are expertly used to identify Giardia and other parasites. Additionally, PCR detection of Giardia in feces is increasingly becoming a standard practice in veterinary diagnostics.

Treatment and control

Treatment should combine medication, hygiene, and nutrition. This includes regularly cleaning up feces, monitoring where the pet goes, washing bedding, disinfecting surfaces, bathing the pet, and promoting gut health with a high-fiber diet and probiotics. The initial treatment involves fenbendazole and metronidazole, while albendazole can be used as an effective alternative.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

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Leishmaniasis in dogs-Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Etiology

Leishmaniasis is an important disease caused by the Leishmania infantum protozoa, which is mainly spread by bites from infected female sand flies. In India, dogs are reservoirs for Leishmania donovani. This parasite lives in two forms: as a flagellated organism in sand flies and as an intracellular form in mammals.

Pathogenesis

The disease progresses from mild to serious forms through defined stages. In the first stage, patients exhibit peripheral lymphadenopathy or papular dermatitis. The second stage is characterized by non-regenerative anemia and hyperproteinemia. In the third stage, vasculitis, arthritis, uveitis, and glomerulonephritis is observed. Finally, the fourth stage presents with thromboembolism, nephrotic syndrome, or end-stage renal disease. Most infected dogs have renal pathology, which may not be clinically apparent. Immune-complex glomerulonephritis can lead to renal failure, a primary cause of death.

Clinical Symptoms

Not all infected dogs show symptoms; usually, only those that are weak or have a compromised immune system are affected. The disease can occur in two forms that is visceral form and cutaneous form. Visceral form manifest signs like epistaxis, ocular abnormalities, or kidney disease signs, Fever, anemia, abdominal swelling, liver and spleen inflammation. Common ocular lesions, such as keratoconjunctivitis and uveitis, may accompany weight loss and lethargy. Cutaneous form shows lesions like exfoliative dermatitis, ulcerative, nodular, or mucocutaneous dermatitis, often causing considerable bleeding, exaggerated nail growth and skin peeling.

Diagnosis

Canine leishmaniasis diagnostic tests involve CBC, biochemical profiles, urinalysis, and specific tests. Affected dogs have hyperproteinemia with hyperglobulinemia and hypoalbuminemia. Histopathological evaluations typically show granulomatous inflammation with Leishmania amastigotes in macrophages. Anti-Leishmania antibodies are detected by indirect immunofluorescence assays, ELISA, and lateral flow formats. PCR testing for parasite-specific DNA allows sensitive diagnosis, using samples from tissues or blood, with kDNA assays offering high sensitivity. Bone marrow or lymph node samples are often superior in detecting the infection.

Treatment and control

Treatment of leishmaniosis in dogs often doesn’t lead to a complete cure. Dogs may still carry the infection and can have relapses. The main medications used include Allopurinol, Amphotericin B, Meglumine antimoniate, Miltefosine, Paromomycin, and Pyrimethamine. Meglumine antimoniate, Miltefosine, or Paromomycin are given in combination with Allopurinol. Domperidone 0.5 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 4 weeks is used as an immunotherapeutic drug for leishmaniosis in dogs, because it can potentiate the immune response. This immunotherapy drug can be given to healthy dogs to prevent infection and to infected dogs to stop disease progression.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary and human formulation in India
Allopurinol (10 mg/kg, PO, BD for 30 days).	Veterinary formulation : Not available Human formulations : Zyloric 100/300mg ( GlaxoSmithKline India). Ciploric 100/300mg ( Cipla India). Piloric 300mg ( Psycotropics India). Ranloric 100/300mg tab( Sun Pharma India). Mecnol 300mg ( Meccoy Lab India).
Amphotericin B (1-2mg /kg IV, on alternate days for 4 weeks) . In dogs, amphotericin B is diluted with sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution and adminstered over 30 minutes.	Veterinary formulation : Not available Human formulation: Amfocare lyophilized (50 mg Amphotericin B) inj vial(BPRL India). Amphmul 10 ml(50 mg Amphotericin B /10ml) inj vial (Bharat Serums and Vaccines India). Phosome 50 (50 mg Amphotericin B) inj vial(Cipla India). Amphonex 50 (50 mg Amphotericin B /10ml) inj vial (Bharat Serums and Vaccines India)
Meglumine antimoniate (50 mg/kg S/C BD or 100 mg/kg S/C OD for 4 weeks).	Veterinary formulation : Not available Human formulation: Meglumine Antimoniate 5ml (1.5g/5ml) inj ampule ( Livealth Biopharma India). Megluvit 5ml (1.5g/5ml) inj ampule( Vetapure India). Meglumine Antimoniate 5ml (1.5g/5ml) inj ampule (Taj Life Sciences India).
Miltefosine (Miltefosine at 2 mg/kg/day, PO, for 4 weeks can be combined with allopurinol (10 mg/kg, PO, twice daily) to achieve better results).	Veterinary formulation : Not available Human formulation: Leisheon 50 cap(Aeon Formulations India). Jollifos 50 cap( Jolly Healthcare India). Impataj 50 cap( Taj Pharma India).
Paromomycin (5 mg/kg SC OD for 3 weeks).	Not available in India.
Pyrimethamine (1 mg/kg PO OD pyrimethamine + 20 mg/kg PO OD sulfadiazine ).	Veterinary formulation : Not available Human formulation: Pyriheal 25 ( 25mg Pyramethamine)tab( Healthy Life Pharma India). Pirimetamine 25 ( Devlife Corporation India) Pyrimethamine 25 Mg Tablet( Taj Pharma India). Daraprim 25( 25mg Pyramethamine)tab( South Delhi Pharma India).

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Babesiosis in dogs-Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Canine Babesiosis is important tick born disease and is caused byeither Babesia gibsoni, the small piroplasm or Babesia canis, the large piroplasm. The disease is well reported in India. these protozoa infect RBCs. The infected ticks inject sporozoites into a dog’s bloodstream. These sporozoites invade erythrocytes and transforming into trophozoites. The trophozoites by binary fission produce two, sometimes four, daughter cells that are called merozoites (merogony phase). Eventually, RBCs rupture and release merozoites which invade new erythrocytes. This cycle lasts for the dog’s entire life or until its immune system stops it. Some merozoites stop dividing and turn into gametocytes, which are taken by the ticks during blood meal. Some of these gametocytes transform into gametes and form motile zygotes which invade gut cells whereby meiotic division to produce kinetes, which migrate to various tissues, including muscle and ovarian cells. Intracellular kinetes undergo division (schizogony phase) to form secondary kinetes that invade salivary gland cells, leading to the formation of multinucleated spore bodies that release sporozoites (sporogony phase).The puppies and dogs under two years commonly present clinical signs. Infected dogs show mild to severe illness, including fever, pale gums, anemia, jaundice, enlarged spleen, weakness, and collapse due to severe anemia.  Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) a cytokinin is raised and is responsible for systemic inflammatory response. Most recovered dogs are potential reservoir of the babesia. The recovered dogs develop immune response that protects them from a large multiplication of the parasite without being able to eliminate it. but such dogs are always at risk of recurrence of infection. Detecting Babesia sp. in blood smears is a reliable method, but it is not always possible to detect them even during the acute disease phase. Therefore, PCR or immunological tests are better for confirming the disease.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary formulations in India
Atovaquone : 13.5mg/kg PO TID administered with a fatty meal for 10 consecutive days. NB: Atovaquone and Azithromycin is given for better results	Atvaquin 250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab ( Vivaldis India). Atova 250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab ( Panav Biotech Pooch India). Vaquon  250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab (Vvaan India). Atavon 250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab (Sihil Animal Health India). Vetdox 60ml ( 375mgAtovaquone /ml) aq syrup (Corise India).
Azithromycin: 10mg/kg PO OD empty stomach for 10 consecutive days. NB: Atovaquone and Azithromycin is given for better results.	Azirib100ml( 40mg Azithromycin/ml 0 oral suspension (Sayrib Life Care  India). Azicin 40 100ml ( 40 mg Azithromycin /ml ) ( Prevet Livestock Services India). Azimycine 250mg ( 250mg Azithromycin) tab ( Corise ndia). Azimycine 100ml( 10mg Azithromycin/ml) syrup( Corise ndia). Azihv 100gm Azithromycin powder (Healthyvet Pharma India). Azeecin 100gm Azithromycin powder( Silicon Pharma India). Azorvet 100ml (40mg Azithromycin/ml 0 oral suspension (Vet Plus  India).
Diminazene Aceturate: 3.5-7mg/kg deep IM/Sc. NB: Do not exceed 10mg/kg because it may lead to serious adverse effects on gastrointestinal, respiratory, nervous and musculoskeletal system.	Berenil 20 ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial( MSD india). Dimiliv 100ml( 2.36 g Diminazene Aceturate total) inj vial( Livealth Biopharma India). Dimezin 90ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial ( Geevet India). Dimovet 90ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial ( Dotcom Pharma India). Trysafe 90ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial ( Safecon Lifesciences India).
Imidocarb: 6.6 mg/kg IM/SC.	Imicarb INJ 10ml ( Imidocarb 12% W/V)vial ( Sava Vet India). Imizet 10ml ( Imidocarb 12% W/V) inj vial( Intas India). Imidozole 100ml ( Imidocarb 12% W/V) inj vial( Vets India).

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Toxoplasmosis in dogs-Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Canine Toxoplasmosis has less significance in dogs, but immunocompromised dogs and pups are clinically affected. The infection is caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Domestic cats are the definitive hosts while rats are intermediate hosts. Cats pass unsporulated oocysts in feces. Sporozoites develop inside these oocysts after being exposed to oxygen, temperature, and humidity for one to five days. This is called sporulation. Sporulated oocysts are the tough and infectious stage. Dogs become infected horizontally by ingesting food and water contaminated with sporulated oocysts.   In dogs, generalized toxoplasmosis mainly affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or neuromuscular systems. Adult animals with weakened immune systems are extremely susceptible to developing sudden, generalized toxoplasmosis. Adult healthy dogs usually control toxoplasmosis well, showing no signs of infection. In contrast, puppies and immunocompromised adult dogs struggle to contain the parasite, leading to symptoms like fever, diarrhea, cough, difficulty breathing, jaundice, seizures, and even death. To diagnose toxoplasmosis in cats and dogs, T. gondii antibodies in the serum like measuring immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) helps in diagnosis; an IgM level above 1:64 or a notable increase in IgG suggests a recent or active infection.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary and human formulations in India
Azithromycin: 10mg/kg PO OD empty stomach for 10 consecutive days. NB: Atovaquone and Azithromycin given in combination show better results.	Veterinary formulation: Azirib100ml( 40mg Azithromycin/ml 0 oral suspension (Sayrib Life Care  India). Azicin 40 100ml ( 40 mg Azithromycin /ml ) ( Prevet Livestock Services India). Azimycine 250mg ( 250mg Azithromycin) tab ( Corise ndia). Azimycine 100ml( 10mg Azithromycin/ml) syrup( Corise ndia). Azihv 100gm Azithromycin powder (Healthyvet Pharma India). Azeecin 100gm Azithromycin powder( Silicon Pharma India). Azorvet 100ml (40mg Azithromycin/ml 0 oral suspension (Vet Plus  India).
Clindamycin: 10-20mg/kg PO BD for 2weeks. NB: Treatment of choice	Veterinary formulation: Clindapet 30ml( 25mg Clindamycin/ml ) inj vial( Offered by Vea Impex India loyal pet zone/ India loyal pet zone India). Clindapet 300(300mg Clindamycin) tab (offered by Vea Impex India/ loyal pet zone India). Clivet 150(150mg Clindamycin) tab( Corise India). Goclin 150 (150mg Clindamycin) tab (Veko India). Petclind 450 (450mg Clindamycin) tab (Pet care India). Petclind 600 (600mg Clindamycin) tab (Pet care India).
Diclazuril: 25 mg/kg PO once for coccidiosis in dog may be tried in toxoplasmosis.	Vetdiclazuri 500 ml (Diclazuril 2.5% )oral Liq (Biomir Venture India). Vetdiclazuri 1000 ml (Diclazuril 2.5%) oral Liq (Biomir Venture India).
Ponazuril: 7.5 – 15 mg/kg PO OD for 28 days.	MARQUIS 15% w/w 27g ( Ponazuril 15% w/w) Oral Paste Syringe ( Boehringer Ingelheim). PONAZURIL 240ml (150mg Ponazuril/ml) oral suspension ( Nexgen).
Pyrimethamine: 1 mg/kg PO OD pyrimethamine + 20 mg/kg PO OD sulfadiazine.	Veterinary formulation: Not Known. Human formulation: Pyriheal 25 (25mg Pyramethamine)tab(Healthy Life Pharma India). Pirimetamine 25 ( Devlife Corporation India) Pyrimethamine 25 Mg Tab (Taj Pharma India). Daraprim 25(25mg Pyramethamine)tab(South Delhi Pharma India).

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Coccidiosis in dogs-Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Canine coccidiosis is caused by Cystoisospora spp. (formerly Isospora) especialy Isopora canis, a protozoan parasite that predominantly infects the gastrointestinal tract of dogs. Puppies are more frequently affected than adult dogs, although adult dogs can also be susceptible. Dogs typically acquire coccidia by ingesting oocysts found in contaminated water or food. Factors such as stress, immunosuppression, and chronic health issues significantly elevate the risk of infection. This is particularly true in young puppies. Their immune systems are less developed. It is imperative for puppies to undergo regular fecal examinations during veterinary visits to facilitate early detection. Coccidia is host specific. Infections in dogs occur through a direct life cycle, with oocysts being ingested from infective feces. Sporulation can occur within 6 hours under warm, moist, and oxygenated conditions, although it typically takes 7 to 10 days. Isospora spp. have the capacity to produce substantial quantities of oocysts in a brief timeframe. Dogs cannot contract the infection from the feces of other species. However, they can become infected by eating meat of rats and mice, which are paratenic hosts of Isospora. Severe infections can result in intestinal damage, leading to decreased nutrient absorption, as well as fluid and electrolyte loss. Observable signs and symptoms of coccidia in dogs are diarrhea sometimes bloody, dehydration, and weight loss. The protozoa (coccidia oocysts) are shed intermittently; therefore, multiple fecal samples are necessary for effective parasite detection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is employed to accurately identify the organism. Histologic examination demonstrates the various stages of I canis within the subepithelial layer, accompanied by hemorrhage as the parasite emerges. In advanced cases, there is notable villous atrophy along with an increased production of mucus.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary and human formulations in India
Diclazuril: 25 mg/kg PO once for coccidiosis in dog may be tried in toxoplasmosis.	Veterinary formulation: Vetdiclazuri 500 ml (Diclazuril 2.5% )oral Liq (Biomir Venture India). Vetdiclazuri 1000 ml (Diclazuril 2.5%) oral Liq (Biomir Venture India).
Ponazuril: 20 mg/kg PO OD for 3 days.	Veterinary formulation: MARQUIS 15% w/w 27g (Ponazuril 15% w/w) Oral Paste Syringe (Boehringer Ingelheim). PONAZURIL 240ml (150mg Ponazuril/ml) oral suspension (Nexgen).
Pyrimethamine: 1 mg/kg PO OD pyrimethamine + 20 mg/kg PO OD sulfadiazine.	Veterinary formulation: Not Known. Human formulation: Pyriheal 25 (25mg Pyramethamine)tab(Healthy Life Pharma India). Pirimetamine 25 ( Devlife Corporation India) Pyrimethamine 25 Mg Tab (Taj Pharma India). Daraprim 25(25mg Pyramethamine)tab(South Delhi Pharma India).
Toltrazuril: 10-20 mg/kg PO OD for 2-3 days .	Veterinary formulation: Zucox oral 250ml (5mg Toltrazuril+5mgDiclazuril +10mgVitamim k3/ml) oral syrup (Nicosia Labs India). Zucox oral 1000ml (5mg Toltrazuril+5mgDiclazuril +10mgVitamim k3/ml) oral syrup (Nicosia Labs India). Trazoril 500ml(25mg Toltrazuril /ml) oral syrup (Credence Remedies India).
Sulfadimethoxine:  55 mg/kg PO OD on day one followed by 27.5mg/kg OD for 2 to 3 weeks . ormetoprim given as 1/5th dose of Sulfadimethoxine provide synergetic effect. NB: The dog needs to drink enough water and eat well to prevent dehydration and crystalluria during coccidiosis treatment. Additionally folic acid should be provided @ 200 mcg PO OD during treatment to prevent toxicity.	Veterinary formulations : Not available in India. Foreign brands: Albon 125mg/250mg/500mg tab (Zoetis). Albon 5% suspensions (Zoetis). Albon 12.5% oral solution (Zoetis).
Sulfamethoxazole with Trimethoprim (Fixed combination of 5:1 sulfamethoxazole to trimethoprim):  30 mg/kg PO OD or 26.4 mg/kg SC OD 7-14 days. NB: The dog needs to drink enough water and eat well to prevent dehydration and crystalluria during coccidiosis treatment. Additionally folic acid should be provided @ 200 mcg PO OD during treatment to prevent toxicity.	Veterinary formulations: Morprim 30ml (Trimethoprim with Sulfamethoxazol) Inj ( Morvel India). Sritrim (400mg Trimethoprim with 200mg Sulfamethoxazol)bolus (Sriwalls Health Care India)- Large animal formulation. Biomet-S (400mg Trimethoprim with 200mg Sulfamethoxazol)bolus (Vee Remedies India)- Large animal formulation. Xtrim (400mg Trimethoprim with 200mg Sulfamethoxazol)bolus (Geevet India)- Large animal formulation. Human formulations. Septran DS (Sulfamethoxazole with 160mg Trimethoprim/160mg) (Koye Pharmaceuticals India). Septran Paediatric (200 mg Sulfamethoxazole with40mg Trimethoprim/5ml) oral suspension (Koye Pharmaceuticals India). M Prim DS (200 mg Sulfamethoxazole with40mg Trimethoprim/5ml) oral suspension (Mann Pharmaceuticals India). Cotrim (200 mg Sulfamethoxazole with40mg Trimethoprim/5ml) oral suspension (Grievers Remedies India). Centri (200 mg Sulfamethoxazole with40mg Trimethoprim/5ml) oral suspension (Centurion Remedies India).

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  Trypanosomiasis in dogs-Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Canine trypanosomiasis is a serious haemoprotozoan disease, caused by protozoans of the genus Trypanosoma. This disease occurs in two principal forms. The American type is recognized as Chagas disease and results from infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. The African type is known as sleeping sickness or surra and is caused by Trypanosoma evansi. Transmission occurs via various species of biting flies, including Tsetse, Tabanus, Stomoxys, and Culicoides. Furthermore, dogs may contract the infection through blood transfusion from another dog. Puppies can get infected from their dam via placental transfer. Once inside the canine host, the parasite disseminates throughout the bloodstream. It colonizes and proliferates in various organs. A potential outcome is the infiltration and damage of the dog’s heart. The manifestation of canine trypanosomiasis may range in severity from acute to subacute to chronic. Notable clinical signs include weight loss and progressive weakness. Other signs are anorexia, anaemia, and intermittent fever. Conjunctivitis, limb swelling, and enlarged superficial lymph nodes can also be present. Additionally, corneal opacity and cardiovascular complications, such as coughing and dyspnea, may occur. Clinical signs play a crucial role in the accurate diagnosis of the disease. Electrocardiography (ECG) is also integral to the assessment. Cardiac ultrasound is employed as part of the diagnostic process. Furthermore, a blood smear for parasite detection is necessary. Serology and PCR are vital components in this evaluation. Tests must be repeated and may involve a combination of assays to determine whether the dog is indeed infected.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary formulations in India
Quinapyramine: 3–5mg/ kg Sc.	Veterinary formulations: Triquin 2.5g (1.5 g quinapyramine sulphate+ 1 g quinapyramine chloride) inj vial (Vetoquinol India). Wequin 2.5g (1.5 g quinapyramine sulphate+ 1 g quinapyramine chloride) inj vial( Welona Pharma India). Quinshot 2.5g (1.5 g quinapyramine sulphate+ 1 g quinapyramine chloride) inj vial (Nicosia Labs India). Wequin 20ml inj vial (Sini Pharma India).
Isometamedium: 1 mg/kg by deep IM injection.	Veterinary formulations: Surral 25 ml (125mg Isometamedium)) dry powder inj( Alembic India). Isomid 1g (1000 mg Isometamedium) sachet (IPPL India). Isomid 125mg (125mg Isometamedium) sachet (IPPL India). Glorodium 1g (1000 mg Isometamedium) sachet (Gloria Exports India). Vetodium 1g (1000 mg Isometamedium) sachet (Vetox India).

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*Toxoplasmosis in Cats-Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Toxoplasmosis is common infection in cats, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, with approximately 50% of free-roaming cats exhibiting antibodies. As the primary hosts for this parasite, cats typically contract it through the ingestion of infected rodents. Congenital transmission is another possible route of infection. Additionally, contaminated food and water sources can lead to infection. Clinical signs mainly appear in immunocompromised cats. This often happens when dormant Bradyzoites in tissues such as the central nervous system, muscles, lungs, and eyes are reactivated and multiply at a faster rate.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recognized toxoplasmosis as one of five neglected parasitic infections. It is estimated that over 60 million people in the U.S. are affected. Notably, cats shed oocysts only once throughout their lifetime for a brief period after ingesting tissue cysts, thus presenting no persistent risk to humans thereafter. Sporozoites within oocysts, tachyzoites in deep intestines, and bradyzoites in tissue cysts are three infective stages of parasite. oocysts becoming infectious 1–5 days following excretion. T. gondii derived from infected meat may enter the cat’s intestine, converting into tachyzoites that disseminate throughout various tissues. Eventually, the cat’s immune response forces the parasite into a dormant phase. This results in the formation of cysts in skeletal muscles and the brain. Within these cysts, the Toxoplasma organisms multiply at a slower rate as bradyzoites.Clinical signs in affected cats can include fever, reduced appetite, and lethargy. They might also have seizures, mobility issues, and pneumonia. Other signs are jaundice, abnormal pupil size, and blindness. Coordination problems and increased sensitivity to touch could occur as well. Behavior changes like circling, head pressing, ear twitching, and eating difficulties are possible too. Incontinence and weight loss are also signs. These symptoms may not appear at the same time and depend on the organ affected.Diagnosing toxoplasmosis involves testing for two types of antibodies—IgG and IgM—against T. gondii in the blood. High IgG levels indicate a previous infection, suggesting immunity and that the cat is no longer infectious. Elevated IgM levels indicate an active infection. A healthy cat without T. gondii antibodies is still at risk for infection and can shed oocysts for up to two weeks after infection. However, detecting oocysts in feces is unreliable. They look similar to those of other parasites. Shedding usually happens intermittently, often without visible signs of illness. A definitive diagnosis requires a microscopic examination of tissue samples to find specific tissue changes and presence of tachyzoites.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary and human formulations in India
Atovaquone: 13.5mg/kg PO TID administered with a fatty meal for 10 consecutive days NB: Atovaquone and Azithromycin are given in combination for better results.	Atvaquin 250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab ( Vivaldis India). Atova 250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab ( Panav Biotech Pooch India). Vaquon  250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab (Vvaan India). Atavon 250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab (Sihil Animal Health India). Vetdox 60ml ( 375mgAtovaquone /ml) aq syrup (Corise India).
Azithromycin: 10mg/kg PO OD empty stomach for 10 consecutive days. NB: Atovaquone and Azithromycin are given in combination for better results.	Veterinary formulation: Azirib 100ml(40mg Azithromycin/ml 0 oral suspension (Sayrib Life Care India). Azicin 40 100ml (40 mg Azithromycin /ml) (Prevet Livestock Services India). Azimycine 250mg (250mg Azithromycin) tab ( Corise ndia). Azimycine 100ml(10mg Azithromycin/ml) syrup( Corise ndia). Azihv 100gm Azithromycin powder (Healthyvet Pharma India). Azeecin 100gm Azithromycin powder (Silicon Pharma India). Azorvet 100ml (40mg Azithromycin/ml 0 oral suspension (Vet Plus India).
Clindamycin(Treatment of choice ): 10-20mg/kg PO/IV BD for 4 weeks. NB: A small amount of water should be given after clindamycin to avoid esophagitis and strictures. If a cat develops these problems, supportive treatments including IV fluid therapy, intranasal oxygen for breathing difficulties, and tube feeding via the nose or stomach should be undertaken.	Veterinary formulation: Clindapet 30ml( 25mg Clindamycin/ml ) inj vial( Offered by Vea Impex India loyal pet zone/ India loyal pet zone India). Clindapet 300(300mg Clindamycin) tab (offered by Vea Impex India/ loyal pet zone India). Clivet 150(150mg Clindamycin) tab( Corise India). Goclin 150 (150mg Clindamycin) tab (Veko India). Petclind 450 (450mg Clindamycin) tab (Pet care India). Petclind 600 (600mg Clindamycin) tab (Pet care India).
Ponazuril: 7.5 – 15 mg/kg PO OD/BD for 28 days.	MARQUIS 15% w/w 27g ( Ponazuril 15% w/w) Oral Paste Syringe ( Boehringer Ingelheim). PONAZURIL 240ml (150mg Ponazuril/ml) oral suspension ( Nexgen).
Pyrimethamine: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO OD pyrimethamine + 15 mg/kg PO OD sulfadiazine. NB: Perform CBC every 2 weeks for detection of myelosuppression treated with sulfonamides or pyrimethamine Give folic acid @ 200 mcg PO OD during treatment to prevent toxicity.	Veterinary formulation: Not Known. Human formulation: Pyriheal 25 (25mg Pyramethamine)tab(Healthy Life Pharma India). Pirimetamine 25 ( Devlife Corporation India) Pyrimethamine 25 Mg Tab (Taj Pharma India). Daraprim 25(25mg Pyramethamine)tab(South Delhi Pharma India).

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Cytauxzoonosis in Cats-Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Cytauxzoonosis, caused by Cytauxzoon felis and transmitted via the Lone Star tick (Amblyomma), predominantly impacts healthy adult cats, with bobcats serving as definitive hosts. Domestic cats often survive the infection, acting as reservoirs for the pathogen’s spread. Infected ticks release sporozoites into the cat’s body, which then invade mononuclear cells and proliferate, forming schizonts. These schizont-laden mononuclear cells are hallmark indicators of the acute phase of cytauxzoonosis. As these cells rupture, they release thousands of merozoites that subsequently invade red blood cells. The infected RBCs are then consumed by ticks, completing the life cycle. Macrophages filled with schizonts obstruct small blood vessels in critical organs such as the liver, spleen, pulmonary parenchyma, and central nervous system. The merozoites that enter RBCs trigger an immune-mediated destruction of these cells, resulting in anemia. Common symptoms include high fever, anemia, respiratory distress, tachycardia, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin). The disease escalates rapidly, with death occurring within 36 hours of presentation. In the terminal stage, signs of hypothermia and shock become evident. A cat exhibiting profound fever and signs of anemia must be treated as an emergency case, requiring immediate diagnostic tests like blood smear examination, CBC, LFT, chest x-ray, abdominal USG, and ECG. The primary diagnostic method focuses on identifying organisms in Wright- or Wright-Giemsa-stained blood smears, despite its limitations in sensitivity and specificity. Differentiating between Babesia piroplasms and Cytauxzoon piroplasms in a blood smear can be challenging. Intraerythrocytic merozoites typically appear as signet ring-shaped inclusions measuring 1 to 2 µm, though they may also present as tetrads, bipolar oval structures, or round anaplasmoid bodies ranging from 0.2 to 2.5 µm. Identifying schizonts in tissues is vital for diagnosing cytauxzoonosis, as fine-needle aspirates from affected organs can detect schizonts more swiftly than blood smears. However, aspiration in patients with coagulation issues carries a risk of hemorrhage. Schizonts are easily identified in tissue biopsies or during postmortem examinations. PCR is also employed to confirm the disease.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary formulations in India
Atovaquone and Azithromycin: Combination therapy as atovaquone 15 mg/kg, PO, TID and azithromycin 10 mg/kg, PO, OD for 10 days. NB: following treatment steps may also be undertaken. 1. Stress free environment and handling. 2. Analgesia like, buprenorphine but nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided 3. Naso esophageal/nasogastric tube for easy feeding and medication. 4. Administration of crystalloid fluids, correction of electrolyte abnormalities and administration of Heparin @ 300 IU/kg SC TID). 5. Blood transfusions and fresh or frozen plasma are important for serious patients as needed. Appetite stimulants like mirtazapine (2 mg/cat transdermally once daily) and antiemetics such as maropitant citrate (1 mg/kg orally or subcutaneously once daily) can also be used, along with oxygen supplementation and therapeutic thoracocentesis in such patients.	Atovaquone: Atvaquin 250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab ( Vivaldis India). Atova 250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab ( Panav Biotech Pooch India). Vaquon  250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab (Vvaan India). Atavon 250 ( Atovaquone 250mg) tab (Sihil Animal Health India). Vetdox 60ml ( 375mgAtovaquone /ml) aq syrup (Corise India). Azithromycin: Azirib 100ml(40mg Azithromycin/ml 0 oral suspension (Sayrib Life Care India). Azicin 40 100ml (40 mg Azithromycin /ml) (Prevet Livestock Services India). Azimycine 250mg (250mg Azithromycin) tab ( Corise ndia). Azimycine 100ml(10mg Azithromycin/ml) syrup( Corise ndia). Azihv 100gm Azithromycin powder (Healthyvet Pharma India). Azeecin 100gm Azithromycin powder (Silicon Pharma India). Azorvet 100ml (40mg Azithromycin/ml 0 oral suspension (Vet Plus India).
Imicarb : 3.5mg /kg weekly for 2 weeks. NB: Give Atropine @0.04mg/kg S/C to control cholinergic effects (vomiting, diarrhea, shivering, hypersalivation and lacrimation) of Imidocarb. Haematinics should be used as supportive treatment.	Imicarb INJ 10ml ( Imidocarb 12% W/V)vial ( Sava Vet India). Imizet 10ml ( Imidocarb 12% W/V) inj vial( Intas India). Imidozole 100ml ( Imidocarb 12% W/V) inj vial( Vets India).

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*Giardiasis in Cats-Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Giardiasis, commonly referred to as “Beaver Fever” in mammals, is caused by Giardia duodenalis. This parasite comprises at least 8 different types, designated A to H, with cats typically infected by type F. While healthy cats are usually asymptomatic, kittens, immunocompromised cats (such as those with FIV), and elderly cats can display symptoms ranging from mild to severe, with diarrhea being the primary sign. Giardia is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, and infected cats shed cysts in their feces, which become immediately infective in the external environment. These cysts contaminate food, water, and environmental surfaces. Upon ingestion of contaminated food and water, each cyst releases two trophozoites that develop in the small intestine, causing malabsorption and steatorrhea. Trophozoites are found in diarrhea, while cysts are shed in feces. In cats, the prepatent period lasts 5 to 16 days; they can also ingest infective cysts through grooming of contaminated fur. Trophozoites multiply within the intestines, attaching to mucous membranes and disrupting normal intestinal functions, leading to diarrhea via hypersecretion of fluids and malabsorption, which together increase the fluid content of feces while causing shedding of intestinal cells and blunting of the villi. Direct microscopic examination of feces can reveal trophozoites; however, intermittent shedding results in a low success rate for this test. The Zinc Sulfate Fecal Flotation test detects Giardia in 70% of cases, but its effectiveness rises to 90% when multiple samples are collected over several days. The Fecal Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) identifies Giardia antigens and is less affected by intermittent shedding, achieving a diagnosis rate exceeding 95%. The Fecal IFA test detects antibodies from Giardia spp with over 95% success in identifying infections. Additionally, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is employed to identify DNA from Giardia and confirms the diagnosis effectively.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary formulations in India
Fenbendazole: 50 mg/kg PO OD for 5 days: NB: Should be given with food to reduce gastrointestinal upset in pet animals.	Fenver pet 30ml (100mg Fenbendazole/ml) oral suspension {Sky EC India). CanWorm 30ml (100mg Fenbendazole/ml) oral suspension {Vetina India). Panacur 400ml (25mg Fenbendazol/ml) oral suspension (Intervet India). Panacur 150 mg (150mg Fenbendazole) tab (Intervet India). Srifen 100ml (25mg Fenbendazol/ml) oral suspension (Sriwalls Health Care India). Fanacur 150 mg(150mg Fenbendazole) tab (Himal Bioscience India).
Metronidazole: 25 mg/kg PO BD for 5 days.   NB: Should be avoided in pregnant or lactating cats and cats with epilepsy or liver disease.	Metrohat 60ml (50mg Metronidazole/ml) syrup ( Hatvet India). Candontal 125(50mg Metronidazole+750000 iu Spiramycin) tab( Veko India). Metrozole plus 100ml (100mg Metronidazole/ml) syrup (Vetox India).

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*Coccidiosis in Cats-Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

 Disease description:

Feline Coccidiosis is caused by Isospora felis and Isospora rivolta. While it is not a common disease in cats, clinical signs are observed in debilitated, immunocompromised, and stressed kittens. Infected adult cats that are immunocompromised also exhibit clinical symptoms. Most cats become infected at a young age. They serve as definitive hosts for Isospora felis and Isospora rivolta. Rodents act as intermediate hosts. These protozoa reside in the intestinal wall in the form of unsporulated oocysts. I felis can also be found in lymph nodes and abdominal viscera as cystozoites. Both direct and indirect life cycles exist. In the direct life cycle, cats shed nonsporulated (noninfective) oocysts in their feces. The oocysts then sporulate in the external environment to become infective. When a cat ingests food contaminated with these infective oocyst, the life cycle is finished. This completion involves the processes of schizogony and gametogony. Schizogony is a cell dividing into multiple daughter cells known as schizonts. Gametogony leads to the formation of gametes. These gametes ultimately result in the formation of nonsporulated oocysts. In the indirect life cycle, intermediate hosts become infected when they consume food with infective oocysts. For example, rats and mice get infected in this way. These oocysts generate sporozoites that encyst and form cystozoites in various tissues. When cats ingest these infected rodents, the cystozoites are released and reactivated in the intestines thus completing the life cycle. The reactivation of cystozoites may play a critical role in disease manifestation in stressed kittens. Heavy infections can cause significant intestinal damage, resulting in decreased nutrient absorption and loss of fluids and electrolytes. Diarrhea is a common symptom in severe cases of I felis and I rivolta infections in kittens. This diarrhea may present as mucoid or watery . Certain Isospora species can even lead to bloody diarrhea. Other symptoms can include lack of appetite, dehydration, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Anemia and respiratory or neurological signs are rare. A fecal sample is examined for oocysts using fecal flotation methods, such as saturated salt or sucrose solutions.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary and human formulations in India
Sulfadimethoxine:  55 mg/kg PO OD on day one followed by 27.5mg/kg OD for 2 to 3 weeks . ormetoprim given as 1/5th dose of Sulfadimethoxine provide synergetic effect. NB: The cat needs to drink enough water and eat well to prevent dehydration and crystalluria during coccidiosis treatment. Additionally folic acid should be provided @ 200 mcg PO OD during treatment to prevent toxicity.	Veterinary formulations : Not available in India. Foreign brands: Albon 125mg/250mg/500mg tab (Zoetis). Albon 5% suspensions (Zoetis). Albon 12.5% oral solution (Zoetis).
Sulfamethoxazole with Trimethoprim (Fixed combination of 5:1 sulfamethoxazole to trimethoprim):  30 mg/kg PO OD or 26.4 mg/kg SC OD 7-14 days. NB: The cat needs to drink enough water and eat well to prevent dehydration and crystalluria during coccidiosis treatment. Additionally folic acid should be provided @ 200 mcg PO OD during treatment to prevent toxicity.	Veterinary formulations: Morprim 30ml (Trimethoprim with Sulfamethoxazol) Inj ( Morvel India). Sritrim (400mg Trimethoprim with 200mg Sulfamethoxazol)bolus (Sriwalls Health Care India)- Large animal formulation. Biomet-S (400mg Trimethoprim with 200mg Sulfamethoxazol)bolus (Vee Remedies India)- Large animal formulation. Xtrim (400mg Trimethoprim with 200mg Sulfamethoxazol)bolus (Geevet India)- Large animal formulation. Human formulations. Septran DS (Sulfamethoxazole with 160mg Trimethoprim/160mg) (Koye Pharmaceuticals India). Septran Paediatric (200 mg Sulfamethoxazole with40mg Trimethoprim/5ml) oral suspension (Koye Pharmaceuticals India). M Prim DS (200 mg Sulfamethoxazole with40mg Trimethoprim/5ml) oral suspension (Mann Pharmaceuticals India). Cotrim (200 mg Sulfamethoxazole with40mg Trimethoprim/5ml) oral suspension (Grievers Remedies India). Centri (200 mg Sulfamethoxazole with40mg Trimethoprim/5ml) oral suspension (Centurion Remedies India).
Diclazuril: 25 mg/kg PO once for coccidiosis	Veterinary formulations: Vetdiclazuri 500 ml(Diclazuril 2.5% )oral Liq (Biomir Venture India). Vetdiclazuri 1000 ml(Diclazuril 2.5% )oral Liq (Biomir Venture India). Coccidoline-D 25kg (Diclazuril 0.5% ) feed supplement( Vetbiochem India).
Toltrazuril: 20 mg-30mg/kg PO OD for 2-3 days for coccidiosis in cat.	Veterinary formulations: Zucox oral 250ml (5mg Toltrazuril+5mgDiclazuril +10mgVitamim k3/ml) oral syrup (Nicosia Labs India). Zucox oral 1000ml (5mg Toltrazuril+5mgDiclazuril +10mgVitamim k3/ml) oral syrup (Nicosia Labs India). Trazoril 500ml( 25mg Toltrazuril /ml ) oral syrup ( Credence Remedies India).

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*Babesiosis in Cat- Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Feline Babesiosis is a disease caused by protozoa from the Babesia species, primarily by Babesia felis. Only a few sporadic cases of feline babesiosis have been documented in India. This disease is transmitted by unidentified ticks. Babesia organisms multiply within red blood cells, producing merozoites that aggregate to form characteristic tetrads known as Maltese cross formations. These formations are characteristic of Babesia species. Infected ticks acquire merozoites while feeding, which then reproduce in their salivary glands and generate sporozoites. When these ticks bite, they release sporozoites into the host’s bloodstream. The disease can lead to mild fever over an extended period. It may also present symptoms such as loss of appetite, fatigue, anemia, depression, and occasionally jaundice. Most clinical signs stem from the hemolytic anemia resulting from piroplasm infection in erythrocytes. While cats typically manage anemia well, they may exhibit only mild clinical signs. Complications of babesiosis can include renal failure, pulmonary edema, hepatopathy, and central nervous system issues. Concurrent infections with Mycoplasma hemofelis can worsen the clinical presentation. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) can also increase the severity of the disease. Babesiosis is suspected when merozoites are detected in blood smears. The parasites are best identified in thin smears. These should be examined at maximum magnification under oil using Romanowsky (methylene blue and eosin) or Giemsa stains. Various Babesia species and other blood parasites, including Cytauxzoon felis, may appear morphologically indistinguishable. The best way to diagnose Babesia species infection in cats is by detecting the organism’s DNA by PCR.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary and human formulations in India
Primaquine phosphate (drug of choice): Administer 0.5 mg/kg PO every 72 hrs. Continue this for 3 times. Then, give 1 0.5 mg/kg OD for 3 – 4 weeks. Dosages exceeding 1 mg/kg can be lethal. NB: Supportive treatment should include blood transfusions if necessary. It should also include fluid therapy for stabilizing the electrolyte balance. Nutritional support is needed in the treatment protocol.	Veterinary formulations: Not available in India. Human formulations: Primaquine Phosphate 2.5 mg (Healthy Life Pharma India). Malirid 7.5 mg(7.5mg Primaquine Phosphate) tab (Ipca Laboratories India ). Leoprime Kid 7.5 mg(7.5mg Primaquine Phosphate) tab (Leo Pharmaceuticals India). Primelife 7.5 mg(7.5mg Primaquine Phosphate) tab (Leo Pharmaceuticals India ) Primalex 7.5 mg(7.5mg Primaquine Phosphate) tab (Lexica Drugs & Formulations India). Primax 7.5 mg(7.5mg Primaquine Phosphate) tab (Health Guard India).
Doxycycline : 5mg/kg PO BD for 3 weeks.	Veterinary formulations: Dclat 100 g (200mg Doxycycline/g) powder( IPPL India). Doxypet 300(200mg Doxycycline) tab( Sava Vet India). Doxymust 100 (100mg Doxycycline) tab( Sky-Ec India). Doxymust 300(300mg Doxycycline) tab( Sky-Ec India). Zedox 200(200mg Doxycycline) tab( Corise India)

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**Coccidiosis in Ruminants – Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Clinical coccidiosis, commonly referred to as black scours in calves, is predominantly caused by E. zuernii, E. bovis, and E. alabamensis. Calves, lambs,and kids under 6 months of age are particularly susceptible. Affected calves exhibit persistent diarrhea that may be watery, mucous, or bloody, and notably, they do not respond to standard antibiotics, but only to specific treatments. Straining can occur in these calves, potentially leading to rectal prolapse. Additionally, many calves display signs of poor growth and ill thrift. Lambs and kids may initially show signs of being open fleeced or having rough coats, along with dirtiness around the tail due to mild diarrhea. They will soon lose their appetite, become weak, and anemic, straining to pass feces. As the condition worsens, they may experience severe diarrhea with blood, leading to dehydration and potential death. A fecal oocyst count exceeding 5,000 per gram, in conjunction with these symptoms, is a definitive indication of coccidiosis in these animals.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary formulations in India
Amprolium: Claves: 10mg/ kg PO OD× 5days for treatment of coccidiosis. 5mg/kg PO OD × 21 day for prevention of coccidiosis. Lambs: 50–55 mg/kg, PO OD for 5 days for treatment of coccidiosis. 15 mg/kg,PO OD for 19–21 days for prevention of coccidiosis. NB: thiamine (vitamin B1) should be provided after treatment.	Veterinary formulations: Amprolium 250g ( Amprolium 20%w/w) soluble powder( Virbac India). Amprocox 1kg ( Amprolium 20%w/w) soluble powder( Vetline India). Amprocox 100g( Amprolium 20%w/w) soluble powder ( Interchemie India). Amprolium 250g ( Amprolium 20%w/w) oral powder( Vetoquinol India). Amprovin 1kg ( Amprolium 20%w/w) oral powder ( Grow vet international India).
Diclazuril : 1 mg/kg PO single dose for control of coccidiosis in calves and lambs.	Veterinary formulations: Vetdiclazuri 500 ml(Diclazuril 2.5% )oral Liq (Biomir Venture India). Vetdiclazuri 1000 ml(Diclazuril 2.5% )oral Liq (Biomir Venture India). Coccidoline-D 25kg (Diclazuril 0.5% ) feed supplement( Vetbiochem India).
lasalosid sodium: 1 mg/kg per day with feed. Feed continuously during exposure to coccidia. NB: Do not medicated feed to calves to be processed for veal.	Veterinary formulations: Lasovis 25kg ( 15% lasalosid sodium ) premix granules (Innovista Feeding Solution India).
Monensin Sodium: for control of coccidiosis in calves and lambs. Cattle: 1-2 mg/kg bw/day in cattle. Sheep: 15 g/ton feed fed to ewes from 4 weeks before lambing until weaning, and to lambs from 4–20 weeks of age.	Veterinary formulations: Glavitro MNX 25kg(Monensin Sodium 8% & Nicarbazin 8%)powder(Glamac India). Biosin-M 25kg(Monensin Sodium 20% )grnules(Biochem Pharma India). Moncure 25kg(Monensin Sodium 10% )powder(Konya Life Sciences India).
Sulfaquinoxaline: Preventive: 10-20mg/kg body weight through drinking water or milk for 21 days. Curative: 100-200 mg/kg body weight through drinking water or milk for 5 day in calf.	Veterinary formulations: BSTAC powder 100g(Sulfaquinoxaline 17.5 g+ Amprolium Hydrochloride 17.5 g+Vitamin A1 retinol acetate 1,500,000 I.U + Vitamin K3 500 mg) packet(IPPL India) Supercox powder 10g (Sulphaquinaxaline 18.7 g.+ Diaveridine 3.3 g) packet ( Vetoquinol India).
Sulfamethazine (sulfadimidine): Calves: Initial dose ( 150mg/kg PO/ IV / IM / SC ) followed by maintenance dose (75mg/kg PO/ IV / IM / SC BID) x 3-5 days. Lambs: 247.5 mg/kg the first day, then 124 mg/kg for 3 days.	Unodine 99ml (333mg Sulfadimidin/ml) injection vial ( Sarabhai India) SD-VET 100 ml (333mg Sulfadimidin/ml) injection vial ( Intracin pharmaceutical India). Vetsulfa 5g sulfadimidine bolus( Vet world India).
Sulfadimethoxine: 55mg/kg PO / IV initial dose followed by 27.5 mg/kg PO/IV OD x 5days in calves and lambs. NB: Sulpha drugs should be avoided in sheep if there is little intake of water.	Primor 600mg (500mg Sulfadimethoxine+ 100mg Ormetoprim) tablet ( Zoetis India).

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*Giardiasis in Cattle- Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Clinical Calf, kid and lamb Giardiasis, caused by G. duodenalis type E, impacts them up to six months of age. The disease prominently characterized by diarrhea. Gastric acid effectively breaks down G. duodenalis cysts, liberating trophozoites that firmly attach to the lining of the small intestine. These organisms reproduce every 6–12 hours, significantly diminishing the brush border surface area in the jejunum, which leads to reduced absorption of fluids, electrolytes, and nutrients. As a consequence, intestinal motility may increase, while the production of essential enzymes like disaccharidase, maltase, and lactase diminishes, culminating in slower weight gain. Diagnosis of Giardiasis in cattle is achieved by identifying the parasite in their stool, typically using a microscope. Additionally, enzyme tests or molecular tests are employed to confirm the disease with precision.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary formulations in India
Albendazole: 20 mg/kg PO for 3 days.	Veterinary formulations: Albomar 30ml ( 25 mg Albendazole/ml ) oral suspension (Virbac India). Albomar 60ml ( 25 mg Albendazole/ml ) oral suspension (Virbac India). Albomar 90ml ( 25 mg Albendazole/ml ) oral suspension (Virbac India). Albadot 30ml ( 25 mg Albendazole/ml ) oral suspension ( Dotcom Pharma India). Albovax 30ml ( 25 mg Albendazole/ml ) oral suspension (Alcanto Vetcare India). Albovax 60ml ( 25 mg Albendazole/ml ) oral suspension (Alcanto Vetcare India). Albovax 90ml ( 25 mg Albendazole/ml ) oral suspension (Alcanto Vetcare India). Brentazole 30ml ( 25 mg Albendazole/ml ) oral suspension ( UR Urinary India). Nowormz30ml ( 25 mg Albendazole/ml ) oral suspension (Geevet India). Nowormz 60ml ( 25 mg Albendazole/ml ) oral suspension (Geevet India). Nowormz 90ml ( 25 mg Albendazole/ml ) oral suspension (Geevet India).
Fenbendazol: 15 mg/kg PO OD for 3 days in calves. However, moving the calves to thoroughly cleaned and disinfected (10% ammonia) pens is important to achieve the target.	Veterinary formulations: Panacur 400ml (25mg Fenbendazol/ml ) oral suspension( Intervet India). Panacur 1000ml (25mg Fenbendazol/ml ) oral suspension( Intervet India). Panacur 1.5 g ( 1500mg Fenbendazole)bolus( Intervet India). Panacur 3 g( 3000mg Fenbendazole)bolus( Intervet India). Panacur 150 mg( 150mg Fenbendazole) tab ( Intervet India). Srifen 100ml(25mg Fenbendazol/ml ) oral suspension(Sriwalls Health Care India). Fentas 3 g( 3000mg Fenbendazole)bolus( Intas India). Fanacur 150 mg( 150mg Fenbendazole) tab ( Himal Bioscience India).

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*Trypanosomiasis in Cattle- Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Trypanosomiasis is caused by T congolense, T vivax, and T brucei brucei, transmitted by the tsetse fly. Infected tsetse flies inject trypanosomes into the skin of animals, leading to localized inflammation (chancres) for a few days. The trypanosomes then rapidly enter the lymph nodes and the bloodstream, multiplying swiftly. In cases of T congolense infections, these organisms adhere to blood vessel cells and reside in small blood vessels. T brucei and T vivax impact tissues and inflict damage on several organs. The primary symptoms include fever, anemia, and weight loss. Cattle often endure a prolonged illness with high mortality rates, especially under poor nutritional conditions or additional stress factors. Ruminants have the potential to recover gradually if the population of infected tsetse flies decreases, although stress can lead to relapses. Diagnosis is definitively confirmed by the identification of trypanosomes in a blood smear.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary formulations in India
Quinapyramine : 3–5mg/ kg Sc.	Triquin 2.5g ( 1.5 g quinapyramine sulphate+ 1 g quinapyramine chloride) inj vial( Vetoquinol India). Wequin 2.5g ( 1.5 g quinapyramine sulphate+ 1 g quinapyramine chloride) inj vial( Welona Pharma India). Quinshot 2.5g ( 1.5 g quinapyramine sulphate+ 1 g quinapyramine chloride) inj vial( Nicosia Labs India). Wequin 20ml inj vial( Sini Pharma India).
Isometamedium: 0.25 – 0.5 mg/kg by deep IM injection. prevention : 0.5 – 1 mg/kg by deep IM injection. Doses exceeding 10 ml should be injected at multiple injection sites on each side of the neck.	Surral 25 ml (125mg Isometamedium)) dry powder inj( Alembic India). Isomid 1g (1000 mg Isometamedium) sachet (IPPL India). Isomid 125mg (125mg Isometamedium) sachet (IPPL India). Glorodium 1g (1000 mg Isometamedium) sachet (Gloria Exports India). Vetodium 1g (1000 mg Isometamedium) sachet (Vetox India).

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Theileriosis in Cattle- Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Theileriosis is a significant tropical and subtropical disease in cattle and is caused by T. parva and T. annulata in cattle. These protozoa in the form of sporozoites are transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. These sporozoites enter mononuclear leukocytes, where they maturate into microschizonts and subsequently macroschizonts. The macroschizonts undergo merogony, producing merozoites that are expelled from leukocytes and subsequently invade red blood cells (RBCs), and mature into piroplasms. The infected leukocytes multiply rapidly and proliferate in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs, including the liver, lungs, and kidneys by day seven, the brain by day twelve, and the heart by day fourteen, all of which contribute to the formation of hemorrhagic lesions. Infected RBCs lead to anemia, with body temperature increasing to 41-42 °C before normalizing between days ten to fifteen, eventually resulting in hypothermia (37 to 38 °C). Clinical manifestations may consist of jaundice and sporadic heart failure, along with swollen lymph nodes, epistaxis, respiratory distress, weight loss, and diarrhea. The presence of Koch’s blue bodies in infected lymphocytes and piroplasms in red blood cells indicates a theileriosis infection. Diagnostic methodologies such as ELISA, Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT), and real-time PCR are employed for the accurate diagnosis of Theileriosis.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose

Veterinary formulations in India

Buparvaquone: Buparvaquone: 2.5 mg/kg IM single dose. NB: Anti-inflammatory drugs and antidiuretics can be used during treatment. Supportive treatment as per need may also be provided.

Zubion 20 ml (50mg Buparvaquone/ml) Inj vial (Intas India). Butalex 20 ml (50mg Buparvaquone/ml) Inj vial (MSD Animal Health India). Bupasure 20 ml (50mg Buparvaquone/ml) Inj vial (Assure Biotech India). Nicoquin 20 ml (50mg Buparvaquone/ml) Inj vial (Nicosia Biolabs India). Bupamed 30 ml (50mg Buparvaquone/ml) Inj vial (Medilogy Biotech India). Bupamed 2ml (50mg Buparvaquone/ml) Inj vial (Medilogy Biotech India). Bupa one 20 ml (50mg Buparvaquone/ml) Inj vial (Vetmed India). Bovithiel 20 ml (50mg Buparvaquone/ml) Inj vial( Bovicure Pharma India).

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**Babesiosis in Cattle- Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease that affects cattle and is caused by protozoan parasites from the Babesia species, such as Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, and Babesia divergens. These parasites invade and multiply in red blood cells, ultimately leading to cell rupture. The incubation period lasts from 1 to 3 weeks and disease can occur in various forms: paracute, acute, chronic, and inapparent. Key symptoms in clinical cases include high fever (41-42 °C), loss of appetite, projectile diarrhea, coffee-colored urine, weight loss, recumbency, shock, and potentially death. Central nervous system issues may also arise, including incoordination, stiff gait, excitability, convulsions, and coma. The presence of ticks and detection of piroplasms in blood smear from sick animals indicate babesiosis in cattle. Antibody tests like indirect fluorescence antibody tests (IFAT) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) can help assess past infections, prevalence, and the risk level for a herd or a specific area. Common postmortem findings include enlarged spleen and liver, pale muscles, jaundice, swollen dark kidneys, heart bruises, and a tarry-red spleen.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary formulations in India
Imidocarb: 2.1mg/kg IM/SC.	Imicarb INJ 10ml (Imidocarb 12% W/V) vial (Sava Vet India). Imizet 10ml (Imidocarb 12% W/V) inj vial( Intas India). Imidozole 100ml ( Imidocarb 12% W/V) inj vial( Vets India).
Diminazene Aceturate: 3.5-7mg/kg deep IM/Sc.	Berenil 20 ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial( MSD india). Dimiliv 100ml( 2.36 g Diminazene Aceturate total) inj vial( Livealth Biopharma India). Dimezin 90ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial ( Geevet India). Dimovet 90ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial ( Dotcom Pharma India). Trysafe 90ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial ( Safecon Lifesciences India).

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Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in Horse- Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a neurological disease caused by the parasite Sarcocystis neurona, which has opossums as its main host. The feces of opossums contain infectious sporocysts that can contaminate grazing fields. Horses can become infected while grazing in these areas. Once ingested, the sporocysts move from the intestines into the bloodstream and can cross the blood-brain barrier, damaging the horse’s central nervous system. The disease is seen in regions where opossums live, such as North America, but it is not prevalent in India. However, horses imported from areas with opossum populations should be tested for the parasite.Horse shows a wide range of nervous signs depending on the brain area involved. Protozoa can infect from the cerebrum to the spinal cord, leading to gait abnormalities, poor coordination, ataxia, spasticity in all four limbs, muscle wasting, lethargy, behavioral changes, and facial nerve issues. Symptoms may appear asymmetrically, and some horses might stand with their feet apart or lean against walls for support. Signs may stabilize before relapsing after days or weeks.Immunological test used in diagnosis of EPM are: (A) Western immunoblot test (WB) – based on the detection of S. neurona-specific antibodies in the blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). (B) Indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) – provides a quantitative result so that the titer is associated with a calculated probability of disease. (C). ELISAs – SAG ELISAs are quantitative tests of S. neurona surface antigens, which are highly expressed in the parasite.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary and human formulations in India
Diclazuril: 1 mg/kg PO for 28 days	Veterinary formulations: Vetdiclazuri 500 ml(Diclazuril 2.5% )oral Liq (Biomir Venture India). Vetdiclazuri 1000 ml(Diclazuril 2.5% )oral Liq (Biomir Venture India). Coccidoline-D 25kg (Diclazuril 0.5% ) feed supplement( Vetbiochem India).
Ponazuril: 15mg /kg loading dose followed by 5 mg/kg PO OD for 28 days.	Veterinary formulations: MARQUIS 15% w/w 27g ( Ponazuril 15% w/w) Oral Paste Syringe ( Boehringer Ingelheim). PONAZURIL 240ml (150mg Ponazuril/ml) oral suspension ( Nexgen).
Toltrazuril: 20 mg/kg PO single dose.	Veterinary formulations: Zucox oral 250ml (5mg Toltrazuril+5mgDiclazuril +10mgVitamim k3/ml) oral syrup (Nicosia Labs India). Zucox oral 1000ml (5mg Toltrazuril+5mgDiclazuril +10mgVitamim k3/ml) oral syrup (Nicosia Labs India). Trazoril 500ml( 25mg Toltrazuril /ml ) oral syrup ( Credence Remedies India).
Pyramethamine: 1 mg/kg IV or PO in horse.	Human formulations: Pyriheal 25 (25mg Pyramethamine)tab(Healthy Life Pharma India). Pirimetamine 25 (25mg Pyramethamine) tab( Devlife Corporation India) Pyrimethamine 25 Mg Tab (Taj Pharma India). Daraprim 25( 25mg Pyramethamine)tab( South Delhi Pharma India).
NB: NSAIDS like phenylbutazone or banamine may be given to horses with moderate to severe issues during the first week of antiprotozoal treatment to help prevent deterioration of neurological problems. A short course of corticosteroids and dimethyl sulfoxide may also help reduce inflammation. Vitamin E can also be used as an antioxidant for infected horses.

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**Trypanosomiasis in Horse- Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Equine trypanosomosis (Surra, Mal-de-caderus, Nagana, Dourine) is a disease spread by biting flies from infected animals. Dourine is spread through unrestricted sexual mating. Surra is caused by T. evansi, Dourine by T. equiperdum, and Nagana by T. brucei, T. congolense, and T. vivax. Symptoms of trypanosomiasis include fever, loss of appetite, anemia, weight loss, and swelling. Surra can cause skin plaques and ulcers at mucocutaneous junctions, while Mal-de-caderus can lead to conjunctivitis and eye problems. Nagana often results in severe anemia and weakness. In Dourine, swelling of the vagina and prepuce extends to the belly. Later, the ‘dollar stage’ appears with circular skin plaques on the flanks. These are known as Dollar spots. The ‘stage of paralysis’ is the last stage which is charecterised by incoordination and unilateral paralysis of the hind legs. Diagnosis heavily relies on the combination of clinical signs, serological evidence of infection and epidemiological context. PM findings include marked anemia and emaciation. They also indicate splenomegaly and enlargement of lymph nodes. Additionally, petechiae are present on the serous surface and in the parenchyma of the liver and kidneys.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary formulations in India
Diminazene Aceturate: 3.5-7mg/kg deep IM/Sc	Berenil 20 ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial( MSD india). Dimiliv 100ml( 2.36 g Diminazene Aceturate total) inj vial( Livealth Biopharma India). Dimezin 90ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial ( Geevet India). Dimovet 90ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial ( Dotcom Pharma India). Trysafe 90ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial ( Safecon Lifesciences India).
Isometamedium: Treatment: 0.5mg/kg B.wt by deep I/M Injection. Prevention: 1mg/kg B wt by deep I/M.	Surral 25 ml (125mg Isometamedium)) dry powder inj( Alembic India). Isomid 1g (1000 mg Isometamedium) sachet (IPPL India). Isomid 125mg (125mg Isometamedium) sachet (IPPL India). Glorodium 1g (1000 mg Isometamedium) sachet (Gloria Exports India). Vetodium 1g (1000 mg Isometamedium) sachet (Vetox India).
Quinapyramine: 3–5mg/ kg Sc	Triquin 2.5g ( 1.5 g quinapyramine sulphate+ 1 g quinapyramine chloride) inj vial( Vetoquinol India). Wequin 2.5g ( 1.5 g quinapyramine sulphate+ 1 g quinapyramine chloride) inj vial( Welona Pharma India). Quinshot 2.5g ( 1.5 g quinapyramine sulphate+ 1 g quinapyramine chloride) inj vial( Nicosia Labs India). Wequin 20ml inj vial( Sini Pharma India).

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Piroplasmosis in Horses- Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Equine piroplasmosis is a blood disease caused by Babesia caballi or Theileria equi. It is transmitted by Ixodid ticks that carry the parasites from infected to non-infected animals. T. equi infects Mononuclear cells, while Babesia caballi infects red blood cells (RBCs). The ticks transmit sporozoites through their saliva to the horse. Sporozoites of Babesia caballi invade RBCs, multiply into trophozoites, and then into merozoites. The infected RBCs rupture and release merozoites, which infect new RBCs. Theileria equi sporozoites first invade Mononuclear cells, where they develop into schizonts, then by merogony into merozoites. These merozoites enter the bloodstream, infect RBCs, and carry out a similar function as those of Babesia caballi. Significant destruction of RBCs leads to hemolytic anemia, characterized by pale mucous membranes, tiredness, weight loss, anorexia, fever (104°F), edema, and potentially death in some cases.In severe cases, collapse and sudden death may occur. Animals that recover still carry the disease. Clinical signs, presence of ticks, abnormal CBC results (like low PCV, MCV, MCH, and platelet count), and the detection of piroplasms (pear-shaped merozoites) in red blood cells from a Giemsa-stained blood smear suggest equine piroplasmosis. Babesia piroplasms are larger than those of Theileria and can be easily identified. CFT, IFAT, ELISA, and PCR are tests used to confirm the disease. The main necroscopic findings include pulmonary edema, petechial hemorrhages, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, swollen lymph nodes particularly in Theileria infection, cardiac hemorrhages, hydropericardium, hydrothorax, ascites, and enlarged discolored kidneys.

Drugs and formulation available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary formulations in India
Imidocarb: Drug of choice. 3.4 mg/kg IM OD for 4 days. NB: Imidocarb has anticholinesterase activity, presented as sweating, signs of agitation, colic, and diarrhea. Glycopyrrolate at 0.0025 mg/kg once or dose of atropine at 0.2 mg/kg may be given IV to control these signs.	Imicarb 10ml (Imidocarb 12% W/V) inj vial (Sava Vet India). Imizet 10ml (Imidocarb 12% W/V) inj vial( Intas India). Imidozole 100ml (Imidocarb 12% W/V) inj vial (Vets India).
Diminazene : 3.5 mg/kg IM every 48 hours for 2 treatments.	Berenil 20 ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial( MSD india). Dimiliv 100ml( 2.36 g Diminazene Aceturate total) inj vial( Livealth Biopharma India). Dimezin 90ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial ( Geevet India). Dimovet 90ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial ( Dotcom Pharma India). Trysafe 90ml (70mg Diminazene Aceturate/ml) inj vial ( Safecon Lifesciences India).
Oxytetracycline: 5–6 mg/kg IV OD for 7 days is effective against T. equi, but not against B. caballi.	OXIVIA 100ml (50mg Oxytetracycline/ml) Inj vial (Nicosia international India). Vetocyclin-DS 50ml (100mg Oxytetracycline/ml )inj vial (Vetoquinol India). Vetocyclin-DS 100ml (100mg Oxytetracycline/ml) inj vial (Vetoquinol India) Teravet-LA 50ml (200mg Oxytetracycline/ml )inj vial ( Geevet Remidies India).

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Swine ***Coccidiosis- Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Coccidiosis in swine is caused by Isospora suis and Eimeria spp. Neonates are generally infected by Isospora suis while coccidiosis in adult pigs is caused by Eimeria spp mainly by E debliecki. This disease significantly impacts the growth of infected piglets.  The life cycle of Isospora suis lasts approximately seven days, with five days spent in the intestines. Pigs become infected by ingesting the infective oocyst form of the parasite, which then colonizes the enterocytes in the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) to further develop and reproduce, leading to the creation of new oocysts. These oocysts contaminate the sow’s udder through contact with external environment. Piglets get infection during suckling. Signs of coccidiosis typically emerge in pigs aged 7 to 11 days, with diarrhea as the predominant symptom, often appearing yellowish and pasty. Infected piglets may exhibit dehydration, slower growth rates, and a rough hair coat. Mortality rates can reach as high as 20% among severely affected piglets, both in indoor and outdoor systems. Adult animals generally show no clinical signs and rarely shed oocysts. The most effective way to diagnose coccidiosis is by observing oocysts in fecal samples via fecal flotation or smear methods. Pigs shed oocysts in feces during clinical stage. The solid portion of the feces contains a higher concentration of oocysts compared to the liquid. Under microscopic examination, I. suis oocysts reveal a distinctive characteristic known as “hazy bodies” between the sporont and the oocyst wall.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary formulations in India
Amprolium: 10-25mg/kg PO OD ×5days for treatment in pigs . 25% premix at 10 kg/ton of feed is suggested as prevention in pigs. Amprolium should be given to animals concurrently with thiamine.	Amprolium 250g ( Amprolium 20%w/w) soluble powder( Virbac India). Amprocox 1kg ( Amprolium 20%w/w) soluble powder( Vetline India). Amprocox 100g( Amprolium 20%w/w) soluble powder ( Interchemie India). Amprolium 250g ( Amprolium 20%w/w) oral powder( Vetoquinol India). Amprovin 1kg ( Amprolium 20%w/w) oral powder ( Grow vet international India).
Sulphaquinaxaline: 10-20mg/kg body weight through drinking water or milk for 21 days (prevention). 100-200 mg/kg body weight through drinking water or milk for 5 day ( treatment).	BSTAC powder 100g(Sulfaquinoxaline 17.5 g+ Amprolium Hydrochloride 17.5 g+Vitamin A1 retinol acetate 1,500,000 I.U + Vitamin K3 500 mg) packet(IPPL India) Supercox powder 10g (Sulphaquinaxaline 18.7 g.+ Diaveridine 3.3 g) packet ( Vetoquinol India).
Monensin: 100 g/ton of sow feed is used from before farrowing until weaning ( prevention).	Biosin-M 25kg(Monensin Sodium 20% )grnules(Biochem Pharma India). Moncure 25kg(Monensin Sodium 10% )powder(Konya Life Sciences India).
Sulfadimidine : 100 g/ton of feed administered to sows from fro start of farrowing until weaning (prevention).	SD-VET WS 100g ( 1000 mg Sulfadimidine sodium/gm) powder( IPPL India). Asulpha 100g( 20% Sulfadimidine ) powder ( Ashish Life Sciences India). Vetsulfa 5g sulfadimidine bolus( Vet world India).
Toltrazuril : 20 mg/kg, PO, OD as prevention in 3–5 day old piglets	Zucox oral 250ml (5mg Toltrazuril+5mgDiclazuril +10mgVitamim k3/ml) oral syrup (Nicosia Labs India). Zucox oral 1000ml (5mg Toltrazuril+5mgDiclazuril +10mgVitamim k3/ml) oral syrup (Nicosia Labs India). Trazoril 500ml( 25mg Toltrazuril /ml ) oral syrup ( Credence Remedies India).

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Swine Balantidiasis- Disease description, Drugs and formulations available in India.

Disease description:

Swine Balantidiasis is caused by Balantidium coli (syn. Neobalantidium coli or B. coli)- an emerging ciliated protozoan parasite of zoonotic importance. Domestic pigs are the definitive hosts of B. coli. Swine Balantidiasis is highly prevelent in India. The disease is also reported in camels, ruminants, equines. The life cycle is direct (trophozoite to cyst and cyst to trophozoite.) with a fecal-oral route transmission. The animal gets infected mainly by the ingestion of food and water contaminated with cysts. Eating meat that is contaminated during improper slaughtering may also spread disease. Ingested cysts hatches (excysts) in the host’s intestine, releasing the motile forms (Trophozoites) that feed on cell fragments, starch grains and other organic matter. Balantidium is often harmless in pigs, but it can occasionally lead to serious illness or death. B. coli can affect pigs of all ages.  B. coli releases hyaluronidase which helps the parasite to invade the intestinal mucosa leading to pathological lesions and sometimes severe hemorrhages of intestine. Some pigs suffer from moderate to severe diarrhea even bloody diarrhea, while others appear healthy depending upon severity of intestinal pathology. Sows can release many cysts, contaminating the farrowing pens. Wet mount slides from intestinal and fecal samples are utilized to identify the trophozoite and cyst stages of the parasite. PCR is used for confirmation of disease. CBC may show reduction in RBC count and Hb level.

Drugs and formulations available in India.

Drug and dose	Veterinary formulations in India
Metronidazole: 25 mg/kg/PO OD X 4 days followed by second treatment for 5 days after a gap of 3-4 weeks.	Diardon 1.2gm (Metronidazole 1gm+Furazolidone 200mg) bolus (Vetsfarma India). Metrohat 60ml (50mg Metronidazole/ml) syrup ( Hatvet India). Candontal 125mg ( 50mg Metronidazole+750000 iu Spiramycin) tab( Veko India). Cleanex 120 mg (60 mg Nitrofurazone+ 100 mg Metronidazole + 60 mg Povidone Iodine) Bolus (Boehringer India). Metrozole plus 100ml (100mg Metronidazole/ml) syrup (Vetox India).
Oxytetracycline: 5-10mg/kg OD IM/IV.	OXIVIA 100ml(50mg Oxytetracycline/ml ) Inj vial ( Nicosia international India). Vetocyclin-DS 50ml (100mg Oxytetracycline/ml )inj vial( Vetoquinol India). Vetocyclin-DS 100ml (100mg Oxytetracycline/ml ) inj vial( Vetoquinol India) Teravet-LA 50ml (200mg Oxytetracycline/ml )inj vial ( Geevet Remidies India).