Liver tonics and supplements

Hepatoprotectors

Vitamins and minerals

Growth promotors

Silymarin

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Silymarin( mixture of flavonolignans).

  • An extract of milk thistle seeds.
  • Has hepatoprotective effects against hepatotoxic drugs like carbon tetrachloride, mushrooms, arsenic, and acetaminophen.
  • Recommended for dogs ,cats and horses with liver disease

MOA:

Silymarin acts through the various mechanisms described below.

  • Increases the regenerative ability of the liver cells by enhancing the synthesis of DNA and RNA.
  • Alters the structure of the hepatocyte external membrane, that prevents entrance of the xenobiotics into the cell .
  • Scavenges free radicals and increases the cellular content of glutathione that leads to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation.
  • Modifies the transporters and receptors of cell membranes such as ABC transporters (P-gp), organic anion uptake transporter peptides (OATP), bile salt export pump, and TNF-α-dependent transporters.

Effects:

Due to antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, anti-lipid peroxidative, membrane stabilizing and liver regenerating mechanisms following effects have been observed.

  • Hepatoprotection.
  • Renal protection.
  • Neuronal protection.
  • Pancreatic protection.
  • Prevents hemolysis .
  • Antiosteoporotic effect and selective estrogen receptor modulator.
  • protection against environmental toxin.

Side effects:

  • Gastrointestinal disturbance.
  • Mild allergic reactions, urticaria, nausea, headache, joint pain and itching.
  • Mild laxative effects.

Species:

  • Horse, cat and dog.

Dose:

  • 20-50 mg/kg/day 1-2 months in cat and dog.
  • 14g /day for 14 days followed by 7g/day as maintenance dose in horse.

Indication :

  • Liver diseases.
  • Liver injuries.

Contraindication:

  • Not known

Brands:

  • Silymarin Silybum Marianum Capsules ( Neutraceutical India).
  • Aniamor-Silymarin -200ml. syrup(Aniamor Nutrition India).
  • Asertolive pet 100ml syrup( Asert India).
  • Livcur Pet 200ml syrup( Vee Remedies India).

Choline chloride

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Choline chloride

  • Also called as vitamin B4.
  • Prevents the accumulation of fatty in liver and kidney and pathological changes associated with fatty cells.
  • Increases the growth rate and laying rate of fowls and increase the survival rate of piglets.
  • Enhances the disease resistance ability in the animals.
  • Increases the growth and survival rate of fishes and promote their reproductive ability.
  • Promotes healthy nervous system in the all animals.

MOA:

  • Choline is an important component of phospholipids, causes mobilization of fat from liver .
  • It also acts as methyl donor that is essential for formation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Effects:

  • lipotropic action.
  • Synthysis and release of acetylcholine in nerve cells.

Side effects:

  • No side effects have been detected.

Species:

  • Many species

Dose:

  • As per label

Indication :

  • Fatty Liver and other liver diseases.
  • Prevention of perosis in poultry.
  • Feed additive.

Contraindication:

  • Not known.

Brands:

  • Glycolin-12 100ml inj ( Trinity Pharmacuticals India ).

Composition: Each ml contains:

Choline Chloride:  15 mg,

Cyanocobalamin:  20 mcg,

Glycine : 30 mg.

  • Toxol 100ml inj( Vesper India).

Composition: Each ml contains: Choline Chloride 15 mg. Cyanocobalamin 20 mcg Glycine 30 mg.

  • Fitplex 30ml/100ml inj ( Zenley India).

Composition:

Each ml contains: Choline Chloride 25 mg. Cyanocobalamin 10 mcg.

Thiamine Hydrochloride 10mg.

Riboflavin Sodium Phosphate 3mg.

Niacinamide 100mg.

Pyridoxine Hydrochloride 5mg. Liver Injection Crude (having B12 activity not less than 2 mcg of Cyanocobalamin) 0.66ml.

  • Livochol 60% 25kg powder( Hexa Biosolution India)

Composition: Choline chloride 60%.

  • Choline chloride 60% 25kg powder( Hanguel HCM India).

Composition: Choline chloride 60%.

Ursodiol

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Ursodiol(Ursodeoxycholic acid) naturally occurring bile acid.

  • Used to dissolve cholesterol gall stones.

MOA:

  • Ursodiol decreases biliary cholesterol by suppressing hepatic synthesis and secretion of cholesterol and by inhibiting its intestinal absorption.

Effects:

  • Dissolution of cholesterol gall stone .

Side effects:

  • GIT upset like diarrhea , vomiting and lack of appetite.
  • Tiredness, or yellowing of the skin, eyes, or gums.

Species:

  • Dogs

Dose:

  • 5 to 14 mg /kg PO BD with food.

Indication :

  • Gallstones.
  • Fatty liver disease.
  • Chronic hepatitis.
  • Acute hepatic failure
  • Primary portal vein hypoplasia.
  • Congenital portosystemic shunts.
  • Juvenile fibrosing liver. disease.

Contraindication:

  • Pets with known biliary obstruction.
  • Pancreatitis.
  • Rabbits or other hindgut fermenters.

Brands:

  • Ursopet 300 tab (Vivaldis Animal Health).

Composition:

Each tablet contains 300mg Ursodeoxycholic Acid.

Vitamin A

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Vitamin A(Retinol)

  • Fat soluble vitamin.
  • Important for cell growth and differentiation.
  • Maintains healthy reproductive tract
  • Plays important role in vision during low level of light.

MOA:

  • Vitamin A in the form of 11-cis-retinal joins opsin within the retina to form rhodopsin.
  • Rhodopsin in presence of light undergoes a conformational change resulting in the generation of a nerve impulse and normal phototransduction.
  • Vitamin A controls the amount of proteins in cells by interacting Retinoic acid receptors (RAR) found in DNA gene sequences.
  • Thus regulate transcription of genes that synthesise extracellular matrix proteins, differentiation of mucous-secreting epithelial cells development.
  • Vit A promotes T-cell differentiation and antibody production.

Effects:

  • Increases detection of low light level.
  • Increases immunity.
  • Growth and cellular differentiation.

Side effects:

  • Vitamin A toxicity can lead to spontaneous abortion or birth defects .
  • Toxicity can also lead to permanent damage of the liver and/or eye.

Species:

  • All species

Dose:

  • 500,000 IU of vitamin A in new born vit A deficient calf given as IM injection.
  • 1500000 IU of vitamin A in vit A deficient cow given as IM injection.

Vitamin A requirements:

  • Cats 10,000 IU/kg
  • Dogs 3,333 IU/kg
  • Cows 30,000 to 50,000 IU / Cow/ day.
  • Horses 45 IU/kg.

Indication:

  • Hypovitaminosis A in all animals.
  • Reproductive failure.
  • Vit A deficiency in new born calves.

Contraindication:

  • Avoid Vit A supplement when animals are on green fodder as it may lead Vit A toxicity.

Brands :

  • Advel- A 2ml inj ( Morvel lab India).

Composition: Each 2ml contains 600000IU Vit A.

  • Vitamin A 2ml inj ( Gemtech India).

Composition: Each 2ml contains 600000IU Vit A.

  • Vitamin concentrate 2m inj ( Vetindia India).

Composition: Each 2ml contains 600000IU Vit A.

Vitamin B complex

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Vitamin B complex ( Water soluble vitamins).

  • Include vitamins like Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Nicotinamide / Niacin (Vitamin B3), Pantothenate ( B5), Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6 ), Biotin ( Vitamin B7), Folic acid (Vitamin B9) and Hydroxocobalamin (Vitamin B12).

MOA:

  • Vitamin BI seves as cofactor for many enzymes involved in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
  • Vitamin B2 is converted into cofactors: flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), which act as electron carriers in redox reaction of metabolism.
  • Vitamin B3 influences lipoprotein metabolism by decreasing triglyceride synthesis via multiple pathways.
  • Vitamin B5 is essential for the biosynthesis of coenzyme A which plays a role in the metabolism of lipids.
  • Vitamin B6 serves as a coenzyme (cofactor) for many reactions including decarboxylation, transamination, racemization, elimination, replacement, and beta-group interconversion. Thus helps in synthesis of neurotransmitters, histamine and hemoglobin.
  • Vitamin B7 serves as an essential cofactor for carboxylase enzymes involved in carboxylation reaction in kerbs cycle.
  • Vitamin B9 is required for nucleoprotein synthesis and the maintenance of normal erythropoiesis.
  • Vitamin B12 forms part of the coenzymes essential for all cells, particularly rapid turnover of cells such as red blood cells, muscle and intestinal cells.

Effects:

  • Important role in nerve function, skin and hair integrity.
  • Maintainance of muscle tone.
  • Play role in all types of body metabolism.
  • Are essential to red blood cell formation
  • Help to reduce the effects of stress.

Side effects:

  • GIT upset.
  • Skin rashes and itching.
  • Breathing problems .
  • Hyperglycemia.

Species:

  • Ruminants.
  • Cats and Dogs.
  • Horses.

Dose:

  • 10mg/kg I/IV TID for ruminants.
  • 10mg / Kg IM/ IV.
  • 1-2mg /kg PO or parental OD for dogs and cats

Indication:

  • Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants.
  • Bracken fern poisoning in horses.
  • Nervous weakness.
  • General weakness.

Contraindication:

  • Hypersensitivity.

Brands:

Thiacin 100ml inj vial( IPPL India).

Composition: Each ml contains 500 mg Thiamine hydrochloride.

  • Tribivet 30ml/ 100ml inj vial ( Intas India).
  • Each ml containsThiamine 50mg. Cynocobalamine 500mcg and Pyridoxine 50mg.

Multicomponent Injectables:

B Complex injections having all or many of B vitamins.

Species:

  • All species.

Dose:

General Dose:

  • Large Animals: 5-10ml / Animal IM/ IV alternate day × 5 days.
  • Small Animals: 1-3ml/ Animal IM/ IV alternate day × 5 days.

Indication:

  • General weakness.
  • Metabolic disorder.
  • Parasitic infestation.
  • Anemia.
  • Loss of appetite.
  • Weak immunity.
  • Production loss.

Contraindication:

  • Hypersensitivity.

Brands:

  • Belamyl 10ml/30ml/100ml inj vial( Zydus Animal Health India).

Composition: Each ml contains: Thiamine HCI 10 mg. Riboflavin 3 mg. Niacinamide 100 mg . Vitamin B12 10 mcg.

  • Rumeric 100ml inj vial ( Virbac India).

Composition: Each ml contains Cyanocobalamin 150 mcg. Nicotinamide 100 mg. Choline 10 mg. D-Panthenol 15 mg. myo-Inositol 10 mg. Biotin 10 mcg. Glycine 20 mg. Lysine 20 mg. DL-Methionine 20 mg.

  • Belive- Vet 30ml inj vial( Morvel Lab India).

Composition: Each ml contains: Vit B1 10 mg. Vit B2 3 mg. Niacinamide 100 mg. Vitamin B12 10 mcg. Crude Liver 0.66 ml (Having Vitamin B12 activity equivalent to 2 mcg of Vitamin B12 per ml).

Oral preprations:

50- 100ml OD in adult animals

10- 20ml OD in small animals.

Brands:

•Brotone 120ml / 500ml Syrup( Verbac India).

Vitamin C

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Vitamin C( Ascorbic acid).

  • Normally synthesized in Liver.
  • Helps in collagen synthesis.
  • Also functions as an antioxidant and neutralize free radicals.
  • It also functions as an antioxidant and neutralises free radicals.

MOA:

  • Vitamin C acts as co factor in amino acid metabolism and is involved in the repair of tissue and the enzymatic production of certain neurotransmitters.

Effects:

  • Tissue healing and growth.
  • Tendon and joint repairing .
  • Enhancement of immune system.
  • Decreases inflammation.

Side effects:

  • Least , the common one is diarrhea.

Species:

  • All species especially those having liver disease.

Dosage:

  • 2500-5000mg/ animal IM twice weekly for Large animals.
  • 500-1000mg / animal IM twice weekly for small animals.
  • 100mg-250mg / animal PO OD for small animals.

Indication:

  • Septic shock.
  • Hepatic disease.
  • Tendon and joint injuries.
  • Viral infections.
  • Inflammation.

Contraindication:

  • Should be given with care in diabetic animals.

Brands :

  • Medicure Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) 30ml Inj vial( Medilogy Biotech India).

Composition: Each ml contains 250mg Vitamin C.

  • Pet Power C 100mg tab(Vetbiochem India).

Composition: Each tab contains 100mg Ascorbic acid.

  • Akem-C 100ml inj vial( Iskon Remedies India).

Composition: Each ml contains 250mg Vitamin C .

  • Welvit-C 100ml inj vial ( Integrated Labs India).

Composition: Each ml contains 250mg Vitamin C .

  • Zeno- C Vet 30ml inj vial ( Zenley Animal Health India).

Composition: Each ml contains 250mg Vitamin C .

Vitamin D3

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Vitamin D3 ( Calcitriol/1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol).

  • Considered as hormone.
  • Prevents milk fever in diary cows.
  • Dogs and cats donot synthesize Vitamin D in their body.

MOA:

  • Vit D3 increases calcium and phosphorus absorption from the gut.
  • Vit D3 also increases calcium absorption from the distal renal tubules and induces mobilization of calcium from the bone with osteoclastic effects.
  • Calcitriol increases phagocytosis and enhances the secretion of H2O2 which is important in the microbicidal and tumoricidal function of macrophages.
  • Calcitriol also reduces the production of type 1 proinflammatory cytokines like IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-17, IL-9 and increases the production of type 2 anti-inflammatory cytokines for example IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10

Effects:

  • Increase in calcium level in blood.
  • Immunity is enhanced.
  • Anti-inflammatory effect.

Side effects:

  • Overdose causes calcinosis leading to tachycardia, shallow breathing, and lameness.
  • This may be followed by weakness, recumbency, and even death of animal.

Daily requirement:

  • Diary cows : 15-20IU/ kg.
  • Dogs: 110 IU / 1,000 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME) (NRC recommendation)
  • Cats: 56 IU/1,000 kcal of ME (NRC recommendation).
  • Horses: 6.6 IU/ Kg.
  • Poultry: 3,000-4,000 IU/ Kg.

Dose:

  • 10 million IU/ cow 10–14 d prior to calving to prevent milk fever.

Indication:

  • Prevention of postpartum milk fever in cows.

Brands:

Available as Human preparation:

  • Architol 1ml ampule( Abbot India).

Composition: Each ml contains 600000 IU Vitamin D3.

  • Calcirol 1ml ampule( Cadila India).

Composition: Each ml contains 600000 IU Vitamin D3.

  • Gen-D3 1ml ampule( Macleods India).

Composition: Each ml contains 600000 IU Vitamin D3 .

  • Nova-D3 1ml ampule(Innovative Pharmaceuticals India).

Composition: Each ml contains 600000 IU Vitamin D3.

Vitamin E

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Vitamin E( Alpha tocopherol).

  • Fat soluble Vitamin.
  • Natural vitamin E includes four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.

MOA:

  • Vitamin E inhibits the production of new free radicals and neutralises the existing free radicals.
  • Vitamin E is involved with the control of nerves, muscles, and senses.
  • Vitamin E also affect excretion of manure, feed conversion efficiency, growth and reproduction.

Effects:

  • Prevents fatal and chronic diseases.
  • Enhances reproductive performance.
  • Muscle growth
  • Improves Nerve function.
  • Improves Skin health.

Side effects:

  • Gut disturbance relating issues.
  • Muscle problems, or Bleeding problems

Daily requirements:

  • Dairy cows: 300 – 500 IU .
  • Horses :1 -2 IU/kg body weight ( as per NRC).
  • Dogs : Atleast 50 IU.
  • Cats: 30IU / kg food.
  • Poultry: 10IU/ kg Diet.

Species:

  • Many.

Dose:

  • 1mg /kg IM in diary cows.
  • 0.5–1.5 U/kg IM/ IV/ PO repeated every 5 -10 days in horses.

Indication:

  • Fertility disorder in cattle.
  • White Muscle disease in calves.
  • Equine motor neuron disease (EMND).
  • Vitamin E–responsive myopathy in equines.

Contraindication:

  • Hypersensitivity.

Brands:

Available as combination brands:

  • Selexidant 30ml inj vial( IPPPL India)

Composition : Each ml contains : 50 mg Vitamin E,(α-tocopherol acetate) and 0.30mg selenium

  • ESeSun 10ml inj vial(Arka Pharmaceutical India).

Composition : Each ml contains : 50 mg Vitamin E( α-tocopherol acetate ) and 0.30mg selenium.

  • VETADE 10ml inj vial(Zydus AH India).

Composition: Each ml contains 2,50,000 I.U. Vitamin A , 25,000 Vitamin D3 and100 I.U Vitamin E .

  • SE Care 200g powder(Rifit Animal Care India).

Composition : Each 100g contains 10% Vitamin E, 100ppm Selenium , 10mcg Biotin and 0.2mg Vitamin C.

Mineral mixture

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Minerals Mixture ( In organic elements)

Principal Minerals: Calcium (Ca) ,Phosphorus (P), Iron (Fe), Fluorine (F), Magnesium (Mg), Chlorine (Cl) ,Zinc (Zn) Vanadium (V), Sodium (Na), Sulphur (S) , Manganese (Mn) , Chromium (Cr), Potassium (K), Copper (Cu) , Molybdenum (Mo), Iodine (I) , Selenium (Se), Cobalt (Co), Tin (Sn), Nickel (Ni) and Silicon (Si).

Key Role:

  • For maintenance of bones and teeth structure( Ca , P , Mg).
  • For maintenance of osmotic pressure, and fluid balance within the animal body( Na, K, Cl).
  • As structural constituents of soft tissues ( Almost all elements).
  • For transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction( Ca , Na, K, Mg).
  • Maintenance the acid-base equilibrium of the body( P , Mg, Na, K ,Cl ).
  • As essential components/co factors of many enzymes, vitamins, hormones(Ca, Cu , Cr , Mo, Mn , Mg, S,Fe, Zn).
  • Clotting of Blood ( Ca).
  • Hb and Myoglobin production ( Fe Cu).
  • Formation of phospholipids, nucleic acids, phosphoproteins (casein), ATP, hexose phosphates, creatine phosphate, and several key enzymes( P ).
  • Transport of carbon dioxide by the blood and for the secretion of HCI in stomach ( Zn) .
  • Role in the action of hormones such as insulin, glucagon, corticotrophin, FSH and LH( Zn).
  • Role in formation of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), red blood cell and maintenance of nerve tissue (Co) .
  • Component of the thyroid hormones, and as such is essential for regulating the metabolic rate of all body processes( Iodine).
  • Protection of cellular tissues and membranes against oxidative damage and as component of glucose tolerance factor and cofactor for insulin(Se).
  • Milk production( Ca, P).
  • Immune System (Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Fe, Se).

Requirements: Macro/Major minerals: >100mg/kg feed.

Micro/minor/trace minerals: <100 mg/kg feed.

Species:

All Producing Animals.

General Dose:

50 -100g / day / Large Animal.

20- 30g / day / small Animal.

Indication:

•To increase growth rate.

•To increase reproduction efficiency in male and female animals.

•To reduce inter-calving period leading to more productive life of animals.

•To improve efficiency of feed utilisation Improves milk production and SNF content of the milk

• For better immune response; hence better resistance against diseases.

• To prevent Metabolic disease.

Brands :

  • Tranzicare 1kg Powder(Zenex AH India).
  • Agrimin 1kg powder ( Verbac India).
  • Chelated Agrimin 1kg powder ( Verbac India).
  • Concimin 1.5 kg powder ( Concept Pharma ceuticalsc India).
  • CRS 1kg powder( Zydus Cadila India)
  • Centromin fort 1kg powder ( Century Pharma India).
  • Minfa Gold 1.2kg powder ( Intas India).
  • Alvite M chelated 1kg powder ( Alembic India).

Deferoxamine

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Deferoxamine ( Iron chelating agent)

MOA:

  • Deferoxamine binds with free iron in blood and eliminate it in urine.
  • Excess iron is removed and damage on organs and tissues is prevented.

Effects:

  • Drop in iron level in blood.

Side effects:

  • Not known.

Species:

  • Dog and Cat .

Dose:

  • 40 mg/kg, IM 4–8 hrly within 24 hr of ingestion, before iron has been distributed from blood to tissues. Other signs should be treated symptomatically.

Indication:

  • Iron toxicity.

Contra indication:

  • Renal diseases.

Brands:

Available as human brands in India.

  • Desferal 500 inj vial (Novartis India).

Composition: Each vial contains 500mg Deferoxamine.

  • Desforex500 inj vial ( Livealth Biopharma India).

Composition: Each vial contains 500mg Deferoxamine.

  • Deferoxamine inj vial ( Clarion India).

Salinomycin

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Salinomycin is a polyether antibiotic that is often used as an anticoccidial agent in poultry feed. It has also shown potential in cancer treatment by targeting cancer stem cells.

Features:

  • Monocarboxylic polyether.
  • Antibiotic and ionophoric coccidiostat derived from Streptomyces albus.
  •  Approved for poultry.
  •  Has an inhibitory effect on Clostridium Perfringens. 
  • Prevents necrotic enteritis  in broiler chickens.
  •  Toxic to turkeys, dogs or horses.

MOA:

  •   Salinomycin binds with Na ,K, and Ca ions and transport them through cell membrane into the cell of protozoa ( Eimeria). Concentration of these ions rise inside the cell and disturb cell activity.

Effects:

  •  Salinomycin affect both extra- and intracellular stages of the parasite. 
  •   More effect is seen on asexual stages of parasite development.

Side effects:

  •  Dyspnea.
  • Drowsiness.
  •  Sternal recumbency with legs extended posteriorly.
  •  Inability to stand. 
  •  Stiffness, and weakness.

Dose:

  •  Salinomycin 12%premix/1000kg feed for 500 broiler birds, 250-300 pigs and 150-200 cattle.
  •  Salinomycin 24%premix/1000kg feed for 250 broiler birds , 125-150 pigs and 75-150 cattle.

Species:

  •  Poultry.
  •  Cattle.
  •  Pig.

Indication:

  •  Control of coccidiosis.
  •  As antibiotic for necrotic enteritis in birds.
  •  Fattening of chicken.

Contraindication:

  • Avoid using SAL-Na with certain antibiotic drugs like tiamulin simultaneously.
  • Do not use in feeds containing pellet binding agents.

Brands:

  •  Coccidolin-S 25kg bag( Vetbiochem India).

Composition: Salinomycin-12%.

  •  Sacox 25kg bag( Huvepharma India).

Composition: Salinomycin-12%.

  •  Salicox 25kg/ 50kg bag ( Rainbow health care India).

Composition: Salinomycin-12%.

Stanozolol

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Stanozolol is a commonly used in animals and has proven to be effective in managing certain health problems in pets and other animals.

Features:

  • Anabolic steroid.
  • Approved for use  in dog.

MOA:

  •  Stanozolol works like testosterone  and increases anabolic metabolism.

Effects:

  • Increase in growth.

Side effects:

  •  Liver toxicity.
  • Masculine effects.

Species:

  •  Dog.

Dosage:

  • 2 mg /kg PO/IM  BD.

Indication:

  • For weight gain.
  • For increasing appetite.
  • For treatment of certain types of anemia.

Contraindication:

  • Liver and kidney disease.
  • Pregnant animals
  •  Cats.

Brands:

Available as human brands: 

  • Stano 1ml ampule inj ( Niva Life Care India).

Composition: Each ml contains 50 mg Stanozolol.

  •  Stanbol 10 mg  tab ( Offered by Cakem Health Care India).
  • Oxanabol 10mg tab (Offered by Tapish Pharmaceuticals India).
     

Virginiamycin

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Virginiamycin is used in particularly in poultry and swine farming. It is commonly used as a growth promoter in animals.

Features:

  •   Peptolide antibiotic.
  • As growth promoting agent.

MOA:

  • Virginiamycin inhibits protein synthesis by binding with 23S ribosomal subunit and blocking the translation process, with no effect on transcription. 

Effects:

  • Bactericidal action.

Side effects:

  •  Stomach upset in animals, causing diarrhea and vomiting.

Species:

  • Swine, turkey, and broiler chicken.

Dose:

  • 100-200 g/ton feed.

Indication:

  • Prevention of necrotic enteritis in chicken.
  • Feed-additive formulation for growth promotion in animals such as swine, turkey, and broiler chickens.

Contraindication :

  • Hypersensitivity.

Brands:

  • Vercin-50 1kg pack( Prime Pharma India).

Composition: Each Kg contains 500g Virginiamycin.

  • V Max -500 25 kg bag( Zydus A H India).

Composition: Each Kg contains 500g Virginiamycin.

  • Vercin-10 1kg pack( Prime Pharma India).

Composition: Each Kg contains 100g Virginiamycin.

Ractopamine

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Ractopamine .

  • Phenol-based Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist
  • Approved as feed additive for Cattle and Swine.
  • Acts as finishing feed supplement.

MOA:

  • Ractopamine binds to the TAAR1 receptors in the animal’s body, which results in increased muscle protein synthesis.
  • Ractopamine is β-agonist and binds β-adrenergic receptors on adipocytes. β-agonists indirectly lead to decreased lipogenesis (fat synthesis and storage) and increased lipolysis.
  • Ractopamine also binds β-adrenergic receptors in skeletal myocytes leading to Inhibition of protease enzyme.

Effects:

  • Fat loss.
  • Muscle growth.

Side effects:

  • Behavioral changes and cardiovascular, musculoskeletal , reproductive, and endocrine problems.
  • Downer or lame animals. hyperactivity, broken limbs, and death.

Species:

  • Cattle and Swine.

Dose:

  • 5-20 mg/kg of feed in pigs.
  • 10-30 mg/kg of feed in cattle.

Indication:

  • For production of lean meat.
  • For weight gain.
  • For increase in feed conversion efficiency.

Contraindication:

  • Not for use in dairy animals.

Brands:

  • Ractopamine Hydrochloride 1kg Powder(Triveni Interchem Private Limited India).
  • Orbiton’s Ractopamine HCL 1kg/25kg powder(Orbiton Pvt Ltd India).
  • Paylean- 705 5.1kg powder( Nutrition Services Inc USA).

Acetylcysteine

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Acetylcysteine ( Acetylated cysteine).

Key features :

  • Acts as cytoprotactectant, antioxidant ,mucolytic and anti-inflammatory agent.
  • Widely used in productive cough and acetaminophen toxicity. Replenshes glutathione stores.
  • Can be given by IV route besides routine oral administration.
  • Metabolized into cysteine (semi-essential amino acid)in liver.

MOA :

  • The acetaminophen is metabolised into N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) that binds to glutathione depliting glutathione stores.
  • The excess free NAPQI promiscuously binds to proteins in hepatocytes, leading to cellular necrosis.
  • Acetylcysteine can directly binds NAPQI and also provide cysteine for glutathione production and NAPQI conjugation.
  • Sulfhydryl groups of Acetylcysteine may hydrolize disulfide bonds within mucin, breaking down the oligomers, and making the mucin less viscous.
  • Acetylcysteine reduces levels of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-∝). It also reduces interleukins (IL-6 and IL-1β). It inhibits the formation of microbial biofilms and destroys biofilms.

Effects:

  • Antioxidant action.
  • Saves glutathione from depleting.
  • Hepatoprotectant.

Side effects:

  • Nausea, vomiting.
  • Pruritus,.
  • Erythema.

Species:

  • Dog and Cat

Indication:

  • Acetaminophen toxicity .
  • Productive cough.

Dose:

  • 5% Acetylcysteine solution @ 140 mg/kg PO followed by 70 mg/kg every six hours for 2 days.
  • In life-threatening situations, administer an initial dose of 140 mg/kg IV. Follow this with a maintenance rate of 70 mg/kg every six hours for seven treatments.
  • Each sterile dose is infused over a period of 30 to 60 min through a 0.2 m Millipore filter.
  • It is advised to administer Acetylcysteine intravenously slowly. This approach minimizes potential adverse reactions such as hypotension, bronchospasm, and flushing.

Contraindication:

  • Hypersensitivity to drug.

Brands:

  • Taurians 200mg(N-Acetylcysteine 150 mg and Taurine 500 mg.) tab( Sava Vet India).

Human brands in India:

  • Mucainac 5ml ( 20% Acetylcysteine) inj vial( Cipla India).
  • Mucinac 2ml ( 20% Acetylcysteine) inj ampule( Cipla India).
  • Mucinac 600mg Acetylcysteine tab( Cipla India).
  • Mucumix 2ml ( 400mg Acetylcysteine) inj ampule( Samarth India).
  • Mucumix 600mg Acetylcysteine tab( Samarth India).
  • Mucotab 600mg Acetylcysteine tab( Zydus India).
  • Lumenac 600mg Acetylcysteine tab( Lupin India).
  • Efetil 600mg Acetylcysteine tab( Intas India).
  • Effenac 600mg Acetylcysteine tab(Macleod India).
  • Mucaryl. 600mg Acetylcysteine tab(Glenmark India).

Butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Butaphosphan (1-N-Buyylamino-1-Methylethyl Phospnous acid).

Key features:

  • Nutritional supplement.
  • An organic phosphorus compound is available in many countries.
  • improves general health status by stimulating feed intake, improving liver and muscle function, and homeostasis
  • Used specially in cattle during state of acute negative energy balance (NEB).
  • Quickly absorbed and distributed after intramuscular or subcutaneous administration.
  • The liver breaks it down and is involved in processes such as making and breaking down amino acids.
  • Elimination by kidneys in urine and the elimination half-life is relatively short.

MOA:

  • Butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin togather appears to in the phosphorylation of molecules that intermediate metabolic pathways(gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and the Krebs cycle).
  • This process improves the synthesis of co-nutrients, mainly ATP and ADP, and consequently increases blood glucose .
  • Cynocobalamine actitvates Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase which catalyzes methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA . Succinyl-CoA entrs into the Krebs (or tricarboxylic acid, TCA) cycle.

Effects:

  • Improves metabolic process and general health condition.
  • Improves feed intake efficiency.

Side effects:

  • Pain at the injection site and minor gastrointestinal effects.
  • Serious side effects: Allergic reaction showing skin rash, fever, facial swelling, or difficulty breathing.

Drug combination:

  • Butaphosphan is usually given with cynocobalamine .

Species:

  • Cattle,Sheep, Goat , Horses,Pig broilers, Dogs and Cat.

Indication:

  • Metabolic disorders due to poor nutrition, inadequate management and diseases nutritional .
  • Prevention or treatment of deficiencies of vitamin B12 and Phosphorus in animals.
  • Developmental disorders due to disease during periods of growth in young animals
  • Infertility and puerperal diseases
  • Stress, overexertion, and exhaustion
  • Weakness and secondary anemia
  • Tetanus and paresis, .
  • To improve muscle performance in animals like racing horses
  • To increase milk production in dairy cows.

Dose:

Butaphosphan:

  • 5-10mg/kg IV, IM, or SC repeat at 1–2-week intervals.
  • 50-100mg/ liter drinking water for 3-5 days in poultry.

Contraindication:

  • Known allergy or hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients in the formulation.
  • Hyperphosphatemia.
  • Drug should be administered in chronic renal failure.

Brands:

  • Butasure -12 100ml (100mg butaphosphan and 50mcg cyanocobalamin/ml) inj vial ( Assure Biotech India).
  • Butaphos12 100ml(100mg butaphosphan and 50mcg cyanocobalamin/ml) inj vial ( Geevet India).
  • Flexiphos 100ml ( Hielsaa India).
  • Butagus 100ml inj vial (Tragus Healthcare India).
  • Zoompo 100ml inj vialZoonic Biotech Lab India.
  • Butasun 30ml inj vial ( Sunvet Pharma India).
  • Butasun 100ml inj vial ( Sunvet Pharma India).

Monensin( ionophore).Amixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis.Used to increase milk production in diary cows.Monensin A is the major component of monensin.it is given as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle. It is a monocarboxylic acid, a cyclic hemiketal, a spiroketal and a polyether antibiotic.Also act as antifungal agentHorses are highly susceptible to monensin poisoning in comparison with the other domesticated animals. Horses are easily poisoned by accidentally consuming cattle or poultry feed containing the recommended amounts of monensin for those species. Affected horses can die suddenly without any other signs. Effects:Monensin induces energy loss in gram-positive bacterial cells and increases the production of propionate in the rumen at the expense of acetate and butyrateSide effects:Monensin affects the cardiac and skeletal muscles, and acute cardiac failure is the cause of death. no antidote to monensin intoxication. Permanent injury resulting in scarring of the cardiac muscles can lead to sudden death in horses months after exposure.MOA: It is often classified as an antibiotic because it interferes with ion transport across cell membranes, resulting in alteration of the rumen bacterial population through selective bacteriostatic action28. It has long been known that monensin improves digestive efficiency and energy metabolism by inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria rather than Gram-negative bacteria. This change in rumen bacterial populations has several implications for ruminant metabolism. The ability of the molecule to alter rumen fermentation to increase the production of propionic acid and decrease the molar fractions of butyric acid, acetic acid, and carbon losses in the form of carbon dioxide and methane improves feed efficiency.Monensin A forms complexes with monovalent cations such as: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Ag+, and Tl+ and transfers these cations across lipid membranes of cells into the protozoa. It blocks intracellular protein transport, and exhibits antibiotic, antimalarial, and other biological activities. The antibacterial properties of monensin and its derivatives are a result of their ability to transport metal cations through cellular and subcellular membranes.Side effects:Monensin has a relatively narrow therapeutic window, with episodes of severe and lethal intoxications reported in many animal species, e.g., cattle, poultry, sheep, horses, and dogs. One of the most striking findings of experimental or accidental monensin intoxication in animals is muscle necrosis and myoglobinuria. Target organs of monensin poisoning are skeletal and cardiac muscles. Monensin may produce poor feathering when feeding diets with low energy and low sulphur-containing amino acids; tiamulin interfers with metabolism of monensin in chickens. horses are very sensitive to MON (LD 50%: horse 2-3 mg/kg b.w., cattle 25 mg/kg; chickens 200 mg/kg). Monensin will cause deaths in equines that ingest feed containing it.Toxicity of monensin is due primarily to its ability to increase intracellular sodium concentration. Monensin is a Na+-selective carboxylic ionophore which forms lipid-soluble cation complexes that can traverse cell membranes rapidly.Drug combination:Combinations of monensin and clopidol, monensin and lasalocid, and monensin and nicarbazin are said to be synergistic.Species:Cattle.Indication:Monensin is used extensively dairy industries to increase milk production and prevent bloatDose:Monensin supplementation up to 23 ppm increased milk production, with the optimal dose being 12.6 ppm. .Contraindication:Simultaneous application of monensin and tiamulin may result in increased toxicity. Monensin showed adverse interactions with sulfa drugs and erythromycin.