Dewormers

Nitroxinil

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Nitroxinil ( Derivatives of p-hydroxybenzonitril)

  • Narrow-spectrum anthelmintic mainly effective against adult flukes (e.g. Fasciola hepatica)and flukes more than six weeks of age.
  • A few roundworms (mainly blood-sucking species), and against certain myiasis are also get effected.
  • Nitroxinil has a residual effect, i.e. it protects against re-infestation for a period of time (up to several weeks) that depends on the dose and the specific parasite.

MOA:

  • Nitroxinil is an uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in the cell mitochondria, so disturbs the production of ATP.
  • This impairs the parasites metabolic and probably other processes as well.

Effects:

  • Flukicide effect.
  • Kills some hook worm.
  • Kills nasal bots in sheep.

Side effects:

  • Swelling at the injection site.
  • Nitroxinil residues in milk can negatively affect cheese production.
  • Contaminated hair is stained yellow.

Toxic effects:

  • Tachycardia, rapid breathing, hyperventilation, fever and increased excitability.

Species:

  • Ruminants.

Dose:

  • 10mg/kg S/C for Sheep ,Goat and cattle.

Indication:

  • Liver fluke Infestation.
  • Nasal bot Infestation in Sheep.
  • Blood sucking Nematodes.

Contra indication:

  • Oral use ( Micro organisms in rumen break the drug).
  • Lactating Cows.
  • Poultry ,Dog and Cat.

Brands:

  • Initro -34% 100ml Injection ( IPPL India).

Composition:

Each ml contains 340mg Nitroxinil.

  • Fluconix-340. 50ml/ 100ml injection ( interchemie werken Holland) offered by Padma Enterprises India.

Composition:

Each ml contains 340mg Nitroxinil.

Troxy-20% 100ml Injection ( Selmore Pvt ltd) offered by first pharmacy India.

Nitroscanate

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Nitroscanate(1-isothiocyanato-4-(4-nitrophenoxy benzene).

  • Broad spectrum anthelmintic for Dogs.

MOA:

  • Nitroscanate acts as an uncoupler of the oxidative phosphorylation in the cell mitochondria, which disturbs the production of ATP, the cellular “fuel”.
  • This impairs the parasites’ motility and probably other processes as well.

Effects:

  • Death of Parasites.

Side-effects:

  • Diarrhea and mainly Vomiting.
  • Lethargy, loss of appetite and slight sedation (tranquilizing effect).
  • In cats drowsiness and transient paralysis have been observed as well.
  • Additional symptoms reported are dispnea (difficult breathing), exophthalmos (bulging of the eye out of its orbit) and curved position.

Species:

  • Dog and Cat.

Dose:

  • 50 mg / kg PO in Dog and Cat.
  • Tablets should not be broken before administration.
  • Overnight fasting before dosing is important .
  • Feed one-fifth of the daily food ration after dosing.
  • The remaining food ration should be withheld for at least 8 hours.

Indications:

Treatment of infestations caused by:

  • Roundworm (Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina).
  • Hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala).
  • Tapeworm (Taenia spp., Dipylidium caninum).

Contraindication:

  • liver disturbances.
  • Do not use tablets for dogs in cats, and never use tablets for large dogs in small dogs. The risk of overdosing is considerable, either due to erroneous calculations or to unskilled manipulation. In addition, dog medicines may sometimes contain ingredients that are toxic to cats.
  • Do not administer to sick or convalescing animals. Do not use in puppies of less than 3 weeks of age.
  • Do not use in cases of known hypersensitivity to the active substance.

Brands:

  • LOPATOL 500mg Nitroscanate tablet ( Elanco Canada) offered by GNH India.

Dichlorophene

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Dichlorophen (chlorinated phenol compound).

  • Nontoxic laxative vermicide.
  • Multi spectrum drug.

MOA:

  • Not clearly explained but it is thought that Dichlorophen induces the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Dichlorophen acts against strobilus of Taenia species leaving the scolex to generate new proglottids.

Species:

  • Dog and Cat.

Dose:

  • 1gm/5-6kg PO .

Indication:

  • Acts as an anti cestodal agent, fungicide, germicide, anti-protozoan and antimicrobial agent.
  • Used in combination with toluene for the removal of parasites such as ascarids, hookworms, and tapeworms from dogs and cats
  • Included as an ingredient in antimicrobial soaps and shampoos

Contra indication:

  • Dog less than 6 months of age.
  • Renal/Respiratory/Metabolic acidosis.
  • Hyperkalaemia.
  • Diabetes.

Brands:

Not known.

Oxfendazole

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Oxfendazole(Benzimidazole).

  • Sulfoxide metabolite of fenbendazole.
  • Functionally related to a fenbendazole.
  • Efficacious against gastrointestinal lungworms and roundworms of livestock.

MOA:

  • Benzimidazoles bind with tubulin( structural protein of microtubules). Thus tubulin polymerization is prevented. This leads to :
  1. Inhibition of glucose uptake.
  2. Glycogen reserves get exhausted.
  3. Parasites loose their locomotive power.
  4. The cell division comes to halt.
  5. Because cell division gets distributed, egg production and development is also inhibited.
  • Parasites become starved, paralyzed and die finally.

Effects:

  • Anthelmintic, larvicidal and ovicidal .

Side effects:

  • Diarrhea.
  • Abdominal pain.
  • Ectopic migration of Ascaris.

Species:

  • Ruminants, Dog Cat Pig and Horse.

Dose:

  • 10mg/kg PO OD X 28 days for Dog
  • 100mg/kg PO from 30days of pregnancy till delivery for Somatic larvae in Bitch.
  • 10mg/kg PO BDX 3days for Cat.
  • 4.5- 6.75mg/kg PO for Sheep and Cattle.
  • 7.5-10mg/kg PO for Goat.
  • 4.5-9mg/kg PO for Pig.
  • 10mg/kg PO for Horse. Repeat after 48 hrs if needed.

Indications:

A) Animals:

  • Barely used in horses, goats, sheep, and cattle.
  • Very scarcely applied on dogs and cat.

B) Parasites:

  • Infestation with large roundworms mature and immature pinworms large strongyles and small strongyles in Horse.
  • Infestation with lungworms, stomach worms small stomach worms , brown stomach worms intestinal worms, nodular worms hookworms small intestinal worms oncophora, and tapeworms (Moniezia benedeni, adult) in Ruminants.
  • Round worms and Tape worms in Dog and Cat.

Contra Indication:

  • Teratogenic so avoid in Pregnant animals.

Brands:

  • Easymec-O bolus(Medikhoj International India).

Composition: Each bolus contains 300mg oxifendazole and 100 mg Ivermectin.

  • Oxzol bolus ( Vets Pharma India).

Composition: Each bolus contains 2200mg oxifendazole.

  • Axyxole-1 bolus( Vetsteps India).

Composition: Each bolus contains 300mg oxifendazole and 100 mg Ivermectin.

Albendazole

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Albendazole

  • A benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to mebendazole

MOA:

  • Benzimidazoles bind with tubulin( structural protein of microtubules). Thus tubulin polymerization is prevented. This leads to :
  1. Inhibition of glucose uptake.
  2. Glycogen reserves get exhausted.
  3. Parasites loose their locomotive power.
  4. The cell division comes to halt.
  5. Because cell division gets distributed, egg production and development is also inhibited.
  • Parasites become starved, paralyzed and die finally.

Effects:

  • Anthelmintic, larvicidal and ovicidal .

Side effects:

  • Diarrhea.
  • Abdominal pain.
  • Ectopic migration of Ascaris.

Species:

  • Many Species

Dose:

  • 10-50mg/kg PO for Dog.
  • 5-15mg/kg PO for Sheep and Goat.
  • 7.5-20mg/ kg PO for Cattle.
  • 5-25mg/kg PO for Horse.

Indications.

A) Animals:

  • Wide use in Ruminants ( Sheep and Cattle).
  • Rare use in Dog and Cat due to bone marrow suppression.

B) Parasites:

  • Large and Small Flukes in Ruminants.
  • Lung Flukes in Dog.
  • Platynosomum and Opisthorchis in Cat.
  • Gut and lung Nematodes.
  • Echinococus cyst in Horse.
  • Monezia in Cattle.
  • Taenia in Dog.
  • Encephalitozoon in Rabbit.
  • Giardia in Dog and small Mammals.
  • Leishmania in Dog.

Contraindication:

  • Pregnancy.

Albendazole sulfoxide( Ricobendazole)

Species:

  • Ruminants , Cat and Dog.

Dose:

  • 24- 30mg/kg PO for Cat and Dog.
  • 2.5-8mg/kg PO/IM for Sheep Goat and Cattle.

Indications:

A) Animals:

  • Mainly used in cattle.
  • scarcely in sheep and Goat.
  • Marginal use in dogs and Cat.

B) Parasites:

  • Round worms in Ruminants ,Dog and Cat
  • Liver fluke in Ruminants.
  • Tape worms in Cattle.

Contra indication:

  • Pregnancy.

Brands:

  • Albomar 30ml/60ml/90ml suspension(Virbac India).

Composition: Each ml contains 25mg Albendazole.

  • Albovet 90ml( Nu Alter Herbovet India).

Composition: Each ml contains 25mg Albendazole.

Thiabendazole

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Thiabendazole(Benzimidazole).

  • Used against gastro- intestinal mematodes and lung worms of sheep and goats and gastro-intestinal roundworms in cattle.
  • Used in certain mycotic infections in dogs and cats.
  • Also used as fungicide and pesticide on wide range of fruit and crops

MOA:

  • Benzimidazoles bind with tubulin( structural protein of microtubules). Thus tubulin polymerization is prevented. This leads to :
  1. Inhibition of glucose uptake.
  2. Glycogen reserves get exhausted.
  3. Parasites loose their locomotive power.
  4. The cell division comes to halt.
  5. Because cell division gets distributed, egg production and development is also inhibited.
  • Parasites become starved, paralyzed and die finally.

Effects:

  • Anthelmintic, larvicidal and ovicidal .

Side effects:

  • Diarrhea.
  • Abdominal pain.
  • Hepatotoxicity.

Species:

  • Cattle ,Pig, Sheep and Goat.

Indication:

  • Gut worm Infestation.
  • Lung worm Infestation.
  • Mycotic ear infection in dogs and cats.

Dose:

  • 4- 10g /100kg PO in Cattle.
  • 4-6g/100 kg PO in Sheep and Goat.
  • 60-80mg/kg PO in Pig.

Brands:

  • Thiabendazole 500mg tab (Pharmchem International India)-Human formulation.
  • Tresaderm 7.5 mL and 15 mL dermatological solution( Merial LLC, U.S.A.).

Composition: Each ml contains 40 mg Thiabendazole , 1mg Dexmethasone and 3.2 mg Neomycin

Febantel

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Febantel(Benzimidazole).

MOA:

  • Benzimidazoles bind with tubulin( structural protein of microtubules). Thus tubulin polymerization is prevented. This leads to :
  1. Inhibition of glucose uptake.
  2. Glycogen reserves get exhausted.
  3. Parasites loose their locomotive power.
  4. The cell division comes to halt.

5. Because cell division gets distributed, egg production and development is also inhibited.

  • Parasites become starved, paralyzed and die finally.

Effects:

  • Anthelmintic and ovicidal .

Side effects:

  • Diarrhea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Ectopic migration of Ascaris.

Species:

  • Dog ,Cat, Horse, Sheep, Pig, Poultry Goat and Cattle.

Drug combination:

  • Febantel +Praziquantel + Pyrantel for large spectrum.

Dose:

  • 10-25mg/kg PO OD X 1-3days for Dog.
  • 10mg /kg PO for Cat.
  • 5-10mg/kg PO for Sheep Goat and Cattle.
  • 5mg/kg PO for Pig.
  • 6mg/kg PO for Horse.
  • 120ppm in feed during 6 days in Poultry.

Indications:

A) Animals

  • Wide use in Pets.
  • Moderate use in Live stock.

B) Parasites

  • control and treatment of larvae and adult stages of intestinal nematodes.
  • Large strongly, Ascaris pinworms Various small strongyles in Horse.
  • Combined with praziquantel hookworms, Ascaris and whipworms in dog Cat and tapeworms in Cat.
  • Combined with pyrantel for treatment of Giardia.
  • Gut round worms in Live stock.
  • Tape worms in Ruminants.

Contraindication:

  • Pregnancy.

Brands:

  • Kiwof plus XL (Praziquantel, Pyrantel Pamoate & Fenbendazole Tablets)( savavetIndia).
  • Eazypet tab (Praziquantel, Pyrantel Pamoate & Fenbendazole Tablets)( Intas India).
  • Indofen-P ( Praziquantel, Pyrantel Pamoate & Fenbendazole Tablets)(Indian Genomix India).
  • Pyrantel Embonate And Febantel Suspension 15mL( Venkys India).

Netobimin

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Netobimin(Benzimidazole).

MOA:

  • Benzimidazoles bind with tubulin( structural protein of microtubules). Thus tubulin polymerization is prevented. This leads to :
  1. Inhibition of glucose uptake.
  2. Glycogen reserves get exhausted.
  3. Parasites loose their locomotive power.
  4. The cell division comes to halt.

5. Because cell division gets distributed, egg production and development is also inhibited.

  • Parasites become starved, paralyzed and die finally.

Effects:

  • Anthelmintic and ovicidal .

Side effects:

  • Diarrhea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Ectopic migration of Ascaris.

Species:

  • Ruminants.

Dose:

  • 5- 20mg/kg PO for Cattle.
  • 7.5mg/kg PO for Sheep and Goat.

Indications:

A) Animals:

  • Rarely used in Live stock.
  • Not used in Pets and Horse.

B) Parasites:

  • Round worms
  • Tape worms
  • Flukes.

Contra indication:

  • Pregnancy.

Triclabendazole.

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Triclabendazole(Benzimidazole).

  • Drug of chioce in outbreak of acute liver fluke disease.
  • 8- to 10-week dosing interval is recommended for use in control programs.

MOA:

  • Benzimidazoles bind with tubulin( structural protein of microtubules). Thus tubulin polymerization is prevented. This leads to :
  1. Inhibition of glucose uptake.
  2. Glycogen reserves get exhausted.
  3. Parasites loose their locomotive power.
  4. The cell division comes to halt.

5. Because cell division gets distributed, egg production and development is also inhibited.

  • Parasites become starved, paralyzed and die finally.

Effects:

  • Anthelmintic and ovicidal .

Side effects:

  • Diarrhea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Ectopic migration of Ascaris.

Species:

  • Cattle Sheep and Goat. Horse and Deer.

Dose:

  • 12mg/kg PO for Cattle.
  • 10mg/kg PO for Sheep Goat and Deer.
  • 10-12mg/kg PO for Horses.

Indications:

  • Widely used in cattle, sheep and goat for treatment of liver fluke disease.
  • Not used in Pets and Pig.

Contraindication:

  • Use cautiously in early pregnancy. However safe in Pregnant animals.

Brands:

  • Triclabendazole g – Triclabendazole 1800mg bolous( Gloria Exports India).
  • Clobend-L tab( Indian Genomix ).

Composition: Each uncoated Tablet contains Triclabendazole  900 mg and Levamisole Hydrochloride 562.5 mg.

                               

Levamisole

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Levamisole( Imidathiazole).

  • Heterocyclic compound.
  • Broad spectrum antinematode drug.
  • Also acts as an immunomodulator.

MOA:

  • Levamisole acts as agonist on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nematode muscles and causes continuous muscle spasm.
  • Also interferes with the metabolism of carbohydrates (sugars) in the worm.
  • Also act as immunomodulator by Increasing NK cells , potentiate T cells and increasing chemotactic response.

Effects:

  • The paralysis of worms occur within 1 to 3 hours after administration of levamisole.

Side effects:

  • Salivation, Muscle tremors, urination and collapse.
  • Serious side effects are asphyxia and respiratory failure

Drug combinations:

  • Levamisole + Rafoxanide.
  • Levamisol+ Oxyclonazide.

Species:

  • Cattle Sheep and Goat. Horse and Deer.

Dose:

General dosage.

  • 5mg/kg IM /SC.
  • 5mg-10mg PO.

Delivery forms:

  • Drenches.
  • Feed additives.
  • Pour-on.
  • Injectable.
  • Tablets/ Bolus.

Immune stimulatory dose is lower than Anthelmintic dose, but prolonged use leads to immunosuppression.

Indication:

  • Gut worm Infestation.
  • Lung worm Infestation.
  • Eye worm Infestation.

Contraindication:

  • Weak and Sick animals.
  • Should not be used after vaccination, castration and dehorning.
  • Concurrent use of organophosphates ,carbamates, morantel , pyrantel ,neostigmine , chloramphenicol and piperazine.
  • Never use oral dosing in dog and cat.
  • Never use pour-on in wet animals.

Brands:

  • Lesol-75 30ml inj vial(Morvel Lab India).

Composition: Each ml contains 75mg levamisole.

  • Immusol 100ml inj vial( IPPL India).

Composition: Each ml contains 100mg levamisole.

  • Lemsol-75 30ml inj vial(Sunvet India).

Composition: Each ml contains 75mg levamisole.

  • Tolzan Plus- L Vet 120ml/1litre can (MSD Animal Health India).

Composition: Each ml contains 3.4% w/v oxyclozanide and 2.5% w/v levamisole Hydrochloride

  • Nilzan 100ml/1litre can ( Virbac India).

Composition: Each ml contains112.5mg oxyclonazide and 94.45mg levamisole.

  • Fonex-L 250ml bottle / 500ml can/1litre Can( Indian Genomix ).

Composition: Each ml contains 1.5% w/v rafoxanide and 1.5% w/v levamisole

Praziquantel

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Praziquantel ( Isoquinoline class).

  • The FDA has approved praziquantel for use in dogs and cats for the treatment of tapeworms.

MOA:

  • In Schistosoma worms, praziquantel seems to affect the permeability of the calcium ions in the muscular membrane.
  • In tapeworms it seems to affect carbohydrate metabolism and to damage the worm’s tegument structures.

Effects:

  • Death of cestodes and Schistosoma worms.

Side effects:

  • Loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhea.
  • Salivation (drooling) in cats.
  • Lack of energy.

Durg Combinations:

  • Praziquantel is often used in combination with a broad spectrum nematicide (e.g. macrocyclic lactones, benzimidazoles, tetrahydropyrimidines, etc.) to broaden the spectrum.

Species:

  • Cattle ,Dog and Cat.

Dose:

  • 5 mg/kg PO or 5.8 mg/kg SC.
  • 12mg /kg Spot-on for Cats.
  • 40 mg/kg PO against Schistosoma infections in cattle.

Indication:

  • Cestode infestation in ruminants (eg, Moniezia spp, Stilesia), horses (Anoplocephala perfoliata), and poultry.
  • Dipylidium caninum, Taenia spp, and Echinococcus spp (both adult and immature forms) infestation in dogs and cats.
  • Schistosoma infestation in cattle.

Contraindication:

  • Puppies below 4 weeks of age and kittens below 6 weeks of age.

Brands:

  • Troncil 34mg tab( Vetbiochem India Private Limited )

Composition: Each tab contains 34 mg praziquantel.

  • Defender Plus tab ( Medfly Healthcare Private Limited India).

Composition: Each tab contains: Praziquantel 50 mg. Pyrantel Pamoate 144 mg. Febantel 150 mg.

  • Kiwof Plus tab ( Sava vet India).

Composition: Each chewable tab contains: Praziquantel 175 mg. Pyrantel Pamoate 504 mg. Febantel 525 mg.

  • Ipraz tab( Virbac).

Composition: Each tab contains: Ivermectin 2mg. Praziquantel 50mg.

Pyrantel

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Pyrantel ( tetrahydropyrimidines).

  • Narrow spectrum anthelmintic.

MOA:

  • Pyrantel Inhibits acetylcholinesterase so no hydrolysis of acetylcholine (Ach). This leads to continuous excessive neurotransmission leading to disturbance in normal movement of parasite.

Effects:

  • Death of parasite.

Side effects:

  • Nausea.
  • Vomiting.
  • Diarrhea.
  • Loss of appetite.

Drug combination:

  • Pyrantel+ Ivermectin.
  • Pyrantel+ Praziquantel.
  • Pyrantel+ Febantel.
  • The Combinations broadens anthelmintic spectrum.

Species:

  • Multiple species.

Dose:

  • 5mg / kg PO as base in dogs
  • 14.5mg /kg as pyrantel pamoate PO in dogs. Repeat after 1 week for 2- 8 weeks as per type of parasite.
  • 20-30mg/kg PO as base in cats.
  • 57.7mgkg as pyrantel pamoate PO in cats.
  • 6.5 -13 mg/kg PO as base in cattle.
  • 26mg /kg PO as pyrantel tartrate PO in cattle.
  • 13-25mg /kg PO as base in Sheep and goat.
  • 20-50mg/kg PO as pyrantel tartrate PO in sheep and goat.
  • 6.6-7.2 mg/kg PO as base PO in horses.
  • 19-38mg/kg as pyrantel pamoate in for horse.
  • 22-25mg/kg as pyrantel tatrate PO in swine.
  • 4.5mg/kg as pyrantel pamoate in Poultry. Repeat after 2 weeks.

Species:

  • Dog, Cat, Cattle, Sheep and Goat, Horse, Swine, Poultry.

Indication:

  • Round worm infestation in gut.
  • Certain tape worm infestation at higher dose.

Contraindication

  • Very weak pets.

Brands:

  • Drontal Plus tab( Byer India).

Composition: Each tab contains 50mg Praziquantel. 144mg Pyrantel Embonate . 150mg Febantel.

  • Eazypet tab( Intas India).

Composition: Each tab contains: 50mg Praziquantel. 144mg Pyrantel pamoate 500mg Fenbandazole.

  • Indofen tab( Indian Genomix).

Composition: Each tab contains: 50mg Praziquantel. 144mg Pyrantel pamoate 500mg Fenbandazole.

  • Kiwof Plus tab ( Sava Vet India).

Composition:

50mg Praziquantel. 144mg Pyrantel pamoate . 150mg Febantel.

  • Defender Plus tab ( Medfly Healthcare Private Ltd India).

Composition: Each tab contains: 50mg Praziquantel. 144mg Pyrantel Embonate . 150mg Febantel.

Melarsomine

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Melarsomine Dihydrochloride( organoarsenical compound)

  • Trypanocidal agent
  • FDA-approved treatment for adult heartworm infection in dogs.
  • Not approved for use in dogs with late-stage infection.
  • Rapidly absorbed from injection site
  • Rapidly eliminated via the bile and kidneys.

MOA:

  • Melarsomine inactivates parasite enzyme systems.

Effects:

  • Kills adult D. immitis.

Side effects:

  • Narrow therapeutic window.
  • injection site reactions.
  • Increased liver enzyme activity.
  • Cough, gagging, lethargy, anorexia and fever.
  • Pulmonary congestion, and vomiting.

Antidote:

  • Dimercaproll (3 mg/kg IM)

Species:

  • Dog.

Indication :

  • Heart worm infestation.

Dose and administration:

  • 2.5 mg/kg IM deep into the epaxial muscles on day 0. Repeat after 24 hours and then 1 month later.
  • Heartworm treatment should be accompanied by doxycycline (10 or 20 mg/kg per day PO) may decrease pulmonary reactions to melarsomine therapy, prednisolone(at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg q12h for the first week and 0.5 mg/kg q24h for the second week, followed by 0.5 mg/kg every other day for 1-2 weeks)
  • Exercise restriction after the treatment is important.

Contraindication and precaution:

  • Use cautiously in animals with high heartworm burden.
  • Contraindicated in dogs with Class 4 (very severe) heartworm disease.

Brands:

  • Immiticide sterile powder inj vial ( Merial).
  • Diroban sterile powder inj vial( Zoetis USA).

Composition: Each ml after reconstitution contains Melarsomine 25mg.

Closantel

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Closantel (belongs to the chemical class of the salicylanilides).

  • Narrow-spectrum anti-helminthic effective against a few roundworms (mainly blood-sucking species), against flukes (e.g., Fasciola hepatica) and also against certain myiasis.
  • Kills the majority of flukes older than 4 weeks in sheep
  • Not used in swine, poultry, horses, or pets.
  • The use in milk-producing animals is strongly avoided.

MOA:

  • Closantel acts as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in the cell mitochondria and disturbs ATP production. This impairs the parasite’s motility and probably other processes as well.
  • Closantel also disturbs the liquid and ion transport mechanisms in the parasite’s membranes.

Effects:

  • Death of parasites.

Side effects:

  • loss of appetite, ataxia or uncoordinated movements, weakness, visual disturbances, and blindness.
  • Other symptoms reported in sheep include depression, prostration, colic, reduced skin sensitivity, opisthotonos, nystagmus, mydriasis, loss of pupillary reflex, and blindness.

Species:

  • Ruminants

Indication:

  • Liver fluke.

Dose:

3 to 10 mg/kg PO/IM

Contraindication and precaution:

  • Weak and deblitated animals.
  • Should be avoided during lactation period.
  • Human should not consume milk containing closantel.

Brands:

  • Zycloz 30 ml syrup(Zydus AHL India).

Composition: Closantel 15% w/v.

  • Zycloz 20 ml inj vial(Zydus AHL India).

Composition: Closantel 15% w/v.

  • Safetal 30 ml syrup (Safecon Lifesciences India).

Composition: Closantel 15% w/v.

  • Closante 200ml Solution( Intas India).

Composition: Closantel 15% w/v.

  • Zompisent 30ml/100ml/500ml Solution(Zoonic Biotech Lab India).

Composition: Closantel 15% w/v.

Clorsulon

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Clorsulon(belongs to the benzenesulphonamide family).

  • Recommended for the control of adult liver flukes
  • Parasitic resistance is issue so not used alone.

MOA:

  • Clorsulon is a competitive inhibitor of 8-phosphoglycerate kinase and phospho-glyceromutase the enzymes involved in the glycolytic pathway thereby blocks the oxidation of glucose to acetate and propionate in flukes.
  • Clorsulon also depresses ATP levels in the fluke.
  • Clorsulon appears to have pharmacological activity as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.

Effects:

  • Energy crisis and death of parasites.

Side effects:

  • Swelling at injection site.

Species:

  • Camel, Cow, Goat, and Sheep.

Indication:

  • Liver fluke

Drug combination:

  • Clorsulon+ Ivermectin or Clorsulon+Nitoxynil for wide range of parasites.

Dose:

  • 7 mg/kg PO and 2 mg /kg Sc.

Contraindication:

  • Cattle producing milk for human consumption.
  • Non-lactating dairy cows including pregnant heifers within 60 days of
    calving.
  • Dogs
  • Intravenous or intramuscular route.

Brands:

  • Nivtan -F 100ml inj vial(Nicosia India).
  • I-Ten plus 100ml inj vial(IPPL India).
  • Iverealth-C 00ml inj vial( Livealth India).

Composition: Each ml contains Ivermectin 10mg and Clorsulon 100mg.

Rafoxanide

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Rafoxanide(belongs to the chemical class of the salicylanilides)

  • Has a residual effect and protects against re-infestation for several weeks.
  • Slowly absorbed from gut into the bloodstream.
  • Maximum blood concentrations are reached 2 to 3 days after treatment.
  • Binds to >99% to plasma proteins.
  • Pregnancy safe.

MOA:

  • Rafoxanide causes suppression of the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase thus acts as uncouplers of the oxidative phosphorylation in the cell mitochondria.
  • This disturbs the production of ATP, the cellular energy .

Effects:

  • Rafoxanide impairs the parasites motility and probably other processes as well resulting the death of parasites.

Species:

  • Cattle ,Camel, Sheep and Goat.

Indication:

  • Used against liver flukes, certain gastrointestinal roundworms (e.g. Haemonchus, Bunostomum, Oesophagostomum, Chabertia).

Dose:

  • 10-15mg/kg PO or 3mg/kg S/c.

Contraindication:

  • Avoid in lactating animals.

Brands:

  • Refoxanide 100g powder( Indian Genomix).

Composition: Refoxanide 20% w/w

  • Anide In 1000ml suspension ( Vet India).

Composition: Refoxanide 3% w/v + Ivermectin 0.1% w/v.

  • Raffolev Plus 100ml suspension( Mankind India).

Composition: Rafoxanide 3.0% w/v +Levamisole 3.0% w/v

  • Rafox 100ml suspension( Pfizer India).

Composition: Rafoxanide 3.0% w/v +Levamisole 3.0% w/v

Oxyclozanide

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Oxyclozanide (salicylanilide anthelmintic).

  • Recommended for the control of liver flukes
  • Effective against adult flukes.

MOA:

  • Oxyclozanide acts by uncoupling of oxidative phoshorylation.
  • Oxidative phosphorylation is a process that uses oxygen to produce ATP, a high-energy molecule.

Effects:

  • Energy crisis and death of parasites.

Side effects:

  • Diarhoea.
  • Anorexia.

Species:

  • Cow, Goat, and Sheep.

Indication:

  • Liver fluke

Drug combination:

  • Oxyclonazide+Livamisole for wide range of parasites.

Dose:

  • 8.5 mg/kg PO in cow.
  • 10-15mg /kg PO in sheep and goat.

Contraindication:

  • Avoid in lactating cow when better anthelmintics are avaliable.

Brands:

  • Tolzan-F 90ml bottle and1L cane ( MSD India).

Composition: Oxyclonazide 3.4% w/v.

  • Oxyzide 90ml bottle (Rohit drugs and Pharmacueticals India).
  • Zanil 100ml bottle and 1L cane ( Virbac India).

Composition: each 5ml contains oxyclonazide 170mg.

Composition: Oxyclonazide 3.4% w/.

  • Flukanil 90ml botte(Hindustan Therapuetics India),

Composition: Oxyclonazide 3.4% w/V.