Cimetidine( Antihistamine).

• Extra label drug.

MOA:

• Cimetidine inhibits H2 receptors in stomach thus decreasing acid secretion.

Effects:

• Antacid.

Side effects:

• Rare in animals.

Species :

• Dog and Horse.

Dose:

• 5-10mg/kg PO OD in dog.
• 2.5mg/kg PO Q8hr or 5mg/kg OD X 3 months in horse.

Indication:

• GIT ulcer in dog.
• Megaoesophagus in dog.
• Acid reflux in dog.
• Equine Multiple Melanomas.

Contraindication:

• Pets allergic to other H2 Blockers.
• Liver failure.
• Renal failure.

Brands:

Available as Human brands in India.

• Cimetidine 200mg tab( Cadila India).

Composition: Each tab contains 200mg Cimitidine.

• Cimetiget 200mg/400mg tab(Franco India).

Composition: Each tab contains 200mg/400mg Cimitidine.

• Tymidin 200mg/400mg tab(Nicholas Pharma India).

Composition: Each tab contains 200mg/400mg Cimitidine.

• Ulciban 200mg ( Torrent india).

Composition: Each tab contains 200mg Cimitidine.

• Cimetidine 400mg tab( Actiza India).

Composition: Each tab contains 400mg Cimitidine.

Cisapride (Benzamide group)

• Prokinetic drug .

MOA:

• Cisapride stimulates 5-HT4 receptors in the intestine.
• There is release of acetylcholine from pre synaptic sites.
• The net effect is increased propulsive movement of intestine and secretory reflex.

Effects :

• Increase in peristalsis.

Side Effects:

• GIT upset like vomiting and diarrhea.

Serious side effects:

• Nervous sign like incoordination, excessive drooling, seizures .

Species:

Dog and Cat.

Indication:

• Idiopathic constipation.
• Megacolon in cat.
• Post operative ileus.

Dose:

• 0.1mg/kg PO TD in dog.
• 2.5mg/cat PO TD in cat weighing less than 5kg .
• 5mg/ cat same route in cat weighing more than 5kg.
• Give after eating for best results.

Contraindication:

• Mechanical obstruction.
• Impaction.

Brands:

Available as human brands in India.

• Cisar 10mg tab (Hamax Pharmaceuticals India).
• Moticare 10mg tab(Organon India).
• Cisapid 10mg tab ( Kopran India).
• Pryde 10mg (Veritaz Health Care India).
• Ciza 5mg tab ( Intas Pharmaceuticals India)

Mirtazipine( Tricyclic antidepressant).

• Appetite stimulant.
• Approved as transdermal application in cats.

MOA:

• Mirtazapine inhibits presynaptic α2-adrenergic action on autoreceptors and heteroreceptors in the central nervous system. This leads to enhanced noradrenergic and serotonergic activity.
• Mirtazapine is a strong antagonist of serotonin 5-HT2(5-hydroxytryptamine 2) and 5-HT3 receptors. It also indirectly increases 5-HT1A transmission.
• Mirtazapine is also a peripheral α1-adrenergic antagonist. This may lead to orthostatic hypotension.
• Mirtazapine is a potent histamine (H1) receptor antagonist, thus may have sedating effects.

Effect:

• Reduced anxiety and increased sedation.
• Boost appetite and gain weight.
• Anti Vomiting effect.
• Anti nausea effect.

Side-effects:

• Drowsiness.
• Hyperactivity was reported in 11% of cats using the transdermal gel.
• More affectionate behavior is reported.
• Increased vocalization.
• Serotonin syndrome e.g tremors/shivering, dilated pupils, difficulty breathing, elevated body temperature, high heart rate or high blood pressure and hypersensitivity.

Dose:

• 0.6mg/kg PO OD in dog.
• 3 – 4mg total dose PO every 72 hours in cat.
• 1.5-inch ribbon of transdermal ointment (approximately 2 mg/cat equal to 0.1 mL) on the inner pinna of the cat’s ear once daily for 14 days.

Species:

• Cat and Dog.

Indication:

• Nausea and vomiting.
• Appetite loss.
• Behavioral problems.

Contraindication:

• Simultaneous use of MOA inhibitors such as Amitraz and seligiline.
• Simultaneous use of SSRI such as fluoxetine.
• Liver disease and blood disease.
• Hypersensitivity to drug.

Brands:

• Mirataz 100mg Mirtazipine ointment ( Kindred bio USA).

Human brands.

• Mirtaz 7.5mg Mirtazipine tablet (Sun India).
• Mirtaz 15mg Mirtazipine tablet (Sun India).
• Mirtab 7.5mg Mirtazipine tablet(Reliance Lifecare India).

Magnesium hydroxide ( Milk of Magnesia).

• Antacid and luxative.
• Used in rumen acidosis.

MOA:

• Magnesium hydroxide in rumen reacts with lactic acid to form magnesium lactate and water.
• In true stomach it reacts with HCl to form magnesium chloride and water.
• In intestine it causes release cholecystokinin (CKK) by which water and electrolytes accumulate in the lumen.
• In colon it draws water into lumen and increase water content in lumen.

Effects:

• Neutralizes effect of lactic acid in rumen.
• Neutralizes effect of hydrochloric acid in stomach.
• Laxative effect in large intestine.

Side effects:

• Decreases number of protozoa in rumen.
• Substantially increases rumen pH.
• Reduces fermentation.
• Diarrhea and depletion of potassium.

Therefore, these compounds should only be administered to cattle with a confirmed diagnosis of grain overload.

Species:

Many species.

Indication:

• Carbohydrate engorgement.
• Hyper acidity.
• Constipation.

Dose:

100–300g PO BD/TD in cattle.

10–30 g PO BD/TD in sheep.

Contraindication:

• Dehydration and renal failure.

Brands:

Renalraj 170ml suspension ( Hatvet Pharma India).

Composition: Each 5ml contains 400 mg Magnesium hydroxide, 400 mg dried Aluminium hydroxide and 40 mg Simethicone.

Blot care bolus( Medilogy Biotech India).

Composition: Alginic Acid , Magnesium Hydroxide, Dried Aluminium Hydroxide & Simethicone.

Chlorpromazine (phenothiazine derivative).

• Centrally acting antiemetic.

MOA:

• Chlorpromazine blocks histamine H1, dopamine D2, and muscarinic M1 receptors in the vomiting center.

Effects:

• Antiemetic effect.
• Sedation.

Side effects:

• Tiredness.
• Low blood pressure.
• Tremors, shivering and rigidity
• Diarrhea and loss of anal sphincter tone.
• Loss of certain reflexes.

Species:

• Dogs and Cats.

Indication:

• Motion sickness.
• As tranquilizer.
• Irritable colon syndrome.
• Muscle relaxation in tetanus.

Dose:

• Tranquilization: 0.8mg-3mg/kg in dog and 0.25 – 0.5mg/kg in cat.
• Antiemetic: 3.3 mg/kg in dog .
• Irritable colon Syndrome: 0.5 mg/kg in dog .
• Muscle Relaxation during tetanus: 2 mg/kg in dog .

Contraindication:

• Use cautiously in animals with seizures.
• Avoid in horses.

Brands:

Available as human preparation in India.

• Orzine 50 tab ( Pharmafabrikon India).

Composition: Each tab contains 50mg Chlorpromazine.

• Chlorpromazine 25mg tab ( Actiza India).

Composition: Each tab contains 25mg Chlorpromazine.

• Relitil 25 tab ( Reliance India).

Composition: Each tab contains 50mg Chlorpromazine.

• Chlorpromazine 1ml ampule ( Taj Pharma India).

Composition: Each ml contains 25mg Chlorpromazine.

• Livemazine 2ml ampule(Livealth Biopharma India).

Composition: Each ml contains 25mg Chlorpromazine.

• Chlorprozine 2ml ampule ( Salivivadas Pharmaceuticals India).

Composition: Each ml contains 25mg Chlorpromazine.

Bisacodyl(synthetic pyridinylmethylene-diacetate ester derivative).

• Stimulant laxative.

MOA:

• Bisacodyl stimulates neurons in colon and increases peristalsis of colon.
• It also acts as contact laxative in colon ,increases secretion of salt and fluid.

Effects:

• Bisacodyl has parasympathetic effect directly on mucosal sensory nerves, increasing peristaltic contractions thus Increases bowel movement.
• Laxative effect.
• Relieves constipation.

Side effects:

• Nausea.
• Cramps.
• Diarrhea.

Species:

• Dog and Cat.

Indication:

• Constipation.
• Bowl cleaning before surgery.
• Proctoscopy and colonoscopy.

Dose:

• 5mg PO in cat and small dog.
• 10mg PO in medium size dog.
• 15-20mg in in large dog.

Contra indication:

• Bowel obstruction.

Brands:

Available as Human brands in India.

• Bolax 5mg cap ( Cipla India).

Composition: Each cap contains 5mg Bisacodyl.

• Dulcoflex 5mg tab ( Boehringer Ingelheim India).

Composition: Each tab contains 5mg Bisacodyl.

• Ducolax 5mg / 10mg tab ( Zydus India).

Composition: Each tab contains 5mg/10mg Bisacodyl.

Hyoscine butyl bromide / Scopolamine (anticholinergic drug).

• Approved by FDA for equine use.

MOA:

• Hyoscine binds to muscarinic receptors and blocks the action of acetylcholine, leading to the relaxation of smooth muscles in the GI tract.

Effects:

• The overall result is to alleviate intestinal spasms, bronchial constriction, and esophageal spasms.
• Colic pain relief begins within 5–10 minutes and lasts for 3-4 hours.
• Rectal relaxation makes rectal palpation easier.

Side effects:

• Transient tachycardia is caused by its parasympatholytic effects.

Drug combination:

• Hyoscine butylbromide can be used with NSAIDs(metamizole )and sedatives ( Xylazine) to potentiate the antispasmodic and analgesic effects.

Species:

• Horse and food animals.

Dose:

• 0.2 mg/kg IV in horse.
• 0.3mg/kg IV/ IM in cattle.
• 0.4 mg/kg IM BD X 3days in calf.
• 0.4 mg/kg IM in pig.

Indication:

• Treatment of uncomplicated, spasmodic colic in horse.
• Recurrent airway obstruction in horse.
• For relieving spasms and pain in cattle and pigs.

Contraindication:

• Impaction colic associated with ileus.
• Equine glaucoma.
• Unstable cardiovascular status.
• Pre existing tachycardia and homeostatic disturbances like dehydration and volume contraction, electrolyte and/or acid-base abnormalities.
• Obstruction colic in horse.

Brands:

• Ketaspas 10ml Injection vial (Medicure SoluItions India).

Composition: Each ml contains 20mg Hyoscine.

• Buscopan 50 mL Injection vial (Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Germany).

Composition: Each ml containing 20 mg N-butyl scopolammonium bromide.

Human brands:

• Buscopan1ml Injection ( Zydus India ) .

Composition: Each ml contains 20 mg Hyoscine.

Dipyrone(Pyrazolone group).

• Also called Metamizole.
• Synonyms: Analgin, Novalgin, Methampyrone etc.
• NSAID approved for horses.

MOA:

Peripheral action:

• Dipyrone blocks the synthesis of pyrogens.
• Dipyrone inhibits cyclo oxigenase there by reduces synthesis, of prostaglandin D &E, endoperoxides, bradykinins and free radicals.

CNS action:

• Dipyrone stimulate the synthesis of beta endorphin that causes the analgesic action on visceral pain.
• Dipyrone inhibits painful extra-and proprioceptive impulses through Gaulle`s fascicles and Burdach’s columns.
• Dipyrone raises the threshold for sensitivity to pain in the thalamic centers.

Effects:

• Peripheral and central actions result in strong pain relief and reduce fever.

Species:

• Horse.

Indication:

• Pyrexia in horse.
• Using Scopolamine and Xylazine combination for horse colic.

Dose:

• 30mg/kg IV OD/BD X 3days in horse.

Contraindication:

• Allergy to drug.
• Concurrent use of other NSAIDS , steroids and nephrotoxic drugs.
• Use cautiously in horses prone to bleeding.

Brands:

• Zimeta 100ml injection vial(Kindred Biosciences USA).

Composition: Each ml contains 500mg Dipyrone

Zimeta is the only FDA-approved brand.

• Vetalgin 33ml injection vial(MSD India).

Composition: Each ml contains 500mg Analgin.

• Morpin vet 100ml inj vial ( Morvel Lab India).

Composition: Each ml contains 500mg Analgin.

• Mgin-GB 30ml inj vial( G B N Pharmaceuticals India).

Composition: Each ml contains 500mg Analgin.

Flunixin (NSAID)

• Approved drug for horse and cattle.
• Rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream, with pain relief and fever reduction typically starting within one to two hours.

MOA:

• Flunixin acts as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, preventing the production of inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins.

Effects:

• It is a powerful pain reliever, reduces fever, and has anti-inflammatory properties.

Side effects:

• Stomach and colon ulceration.
• Vomiting and diarrhea.

Species:

• Equines , Swines and Ruminants

Indication:

• Short-term treatment of moderate pain and inflammation.
• Treat of abdominal pain in horse.
• To reduce signs of sepsis in horse.
• As anti-inflammatory drug in inflammatory conditions of the eye including corneal ulcers, uveitis, conjunctivitis.
• To reduce clinical signs associated with coliform mastitis in cattle.
• For treatment of diarrhea in dairy calf.
• With antibiotics, for treatment of BRD in cattle.
• For use before Ai to increase pregnancy rate in cattle.
• For pyrexia associated with SRD in Pig.

Dose:

• 1.1mg/kg IV in equine colic.
• 0.25 mg/kg with antibiotics for treating sepsis in horses.
• 1.0-2.2mg/kg IV/IM for cow mastitis.
• 1.1-2.2mg/kg IM/IV in camel sheep and goat
• 1 – 2 mg/ kg b S/C or slow I/V in pig , 3-5 days treatment as per the condition.

Contra indication:

• Avoid use with other anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids or other NSAIDs.
• Use cautiously with aminoglycoside antibiotics and oral blood thinners, such as warfarin.
• Gastrointestinal ulcers.
• Liver and Kidney disease.
• Bulls intended for breeding.
• Avoid use during PG phase of oestrous cycle as it delays onset of oestrous.

Brands:

• Megludyne ( Virbac India) 20ml/ 100ml vial.

Composition: Each ml contains 50mg Flunixin.

• Flunim 20ml inj vial(Zenley Animal Health India).

Composition: Each ml contains 50mg Flunixin.

• Flumeg 20 ml ( Gee Vet India).

Composition: Each ml contains 50mg Flunixin.

• Unizif 20 ml inj vial( Intas India).

Composition: Each ml contains 50mg Flunixin.

Cyproheptadine.

• Extra label drug.
• First generation sedative antihistamine.

MOA:

• Cyproheptadine works by blocking H1receptors and 5-HT2 receptors.

Effects:

• Antihistaminic action.
• Anti serotonin action .

Side effects:

• Hyperexcitability in cats.
• Dry mouth.
• Tachycardia.

Species:

• Dog , Cat and Horse.

Dose:

• 0.3-2mg/kg OD / BD PO for pruritus and appetite .
• 1.1mg/kg Q 4-6hrs PO until serotonin symptoms disappear.
• 0.25mg/kg OD/BD for pituitary disease and photic head shaker.

Indication:

• Pruritus and serotonin syndrome in dog.
• Appetite stimulant in cat.
• Asthma in cat
• Pituitary pars intermedia disease (PPID), Pituitary adenoma and photic head shaker in horse. Best results are seen when used with pergolide.

Contra indication:

• Inflammatory air way disease in horse.
• Allergy to drug
• Use cautiously in urinary bladder obstruction , prostrate enlargement ,GIT obstruction , working dogs and nursing mothers.

Brands:

• Cyprocan bolus(Safecon Life Sciences India).

Composition: Each bolus contains 25mg Cyproheptadine and 100mg cobalt chloride.

• Antist-Vet bolus( Orcas Pharmaceuticals India).

Composition: Each bolus contains 25mg Cyproheptadine and 100mg cobalt chloride.