Afoxolaner ( class isoxazoline)

• Insecticide for dog.
• Approved by FDA.
• Kills fleas before they can lay eggs.
• Prevents flea infestations.
• Lasts for the entire month.

MOA:

• Afoxolaner inhibits GABA gated chloride channels( both pre and post synapses).
• Transport of chloride ions across the membrane is inhibited.
• Mammalian GABA receptors are not affected.

Effects:

• Hyper excitation and death of insects.

Side effects:

• Vomiting.
• Anorexia.
• Dry/Flaky Skin.
• Pruritus and lethargy.
• Nervous disorders.

Species:

• Dog.

Dose:

• 2.5 mg/kg PO once in a month during insect season or if insects are present through out the year.
• Re dose if dog vomits .

Indications:

• Treatment and prevention of flea infestations.
• Treatment and control of tick infestation.

Contraindications:

• Use with caution in dogs with a history of seizures or neurologic disorders.

Brands:

• Nexgard 68mg Afoxolaner tab -3 tab strip( Boehringer Ingelheim India).
• Nexgard 136mg Afoxolaner tab-3 tab strip( Boehringer Ingelheim India).

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Fipronil(Phenylpyrazole)

• Extra label drug.
• New generation broad-spectrum ectoparasiticide.

MOA:

• Fipronil inhibits GABA gated chloride channel in CNS of insects. The neuroexcitation is selective, because the configuration of GABA receptors in mammals is different from insects.

Effects:

• Over excitation and death of parasite.

Side effects:

• Local irritation.
• Allergic reaction.

Species:

• Dog ,Cat and Cattle

Dose:

• 7.5mg/ kg local application for short-haired animal.
• 15mg/kg local application for long-haired animal.
• Applied as spray or pour on.

Indication:

• Ticks , Flea and other ectoparasites.

Contra indication:

• Avoid use as spot ons in dog and cat.
• Never use in rabbit, and chicken.

Brands:

• Freedom 0.25%fipronil 500ml spray ( Venkys India).
• Effipro 0.25% fipronil 80ml spray(Virbac India).
• Medipet 0.25% fipronil 100mlspray( Petcare India).
• Extick 0.25% fipronil 100ml spray (Vet Mankind India).

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Imidacloprid(neonicotinoid compound)

• Insecticide for dermal application in animals.

MOA:

• Imidacloprid bind with sub types of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) that occur in insects and disrupts transmission of stimuli in the insect nervous system.
• Imidacloprid does not readily pass the blood–brain barrier to reach sensitive nAChR sites in the central nervous system, thus reducing the potential for mammalian toxicity.
• Imidacloprid is not degraded by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. So there is accumulation of acetylcholine in postsynaptic portion of nerve cells.

Effects:

• The accumulation of acetylcholine results in hyperexcitation, convulsions, paralysis, and death of the insect.

Side effects:

• Gut disturbances including vomiting.
• Difficulty in walking.

Drug combinations:

• Imidacloprid +permethrin as spot-on for control of fleas and ticks.
• Imidacloprid + Pyriproxyfen as spot-on for control of lice and tick.
• Imidacloprid + oxidectin as spot- on to prevent heartworms as well as control fleas, ear mites, and intestinal nematodes.

Species:

• Dog, Cat, Cattle and Sheep.

Dose:

• 10-25 mg/kg Spot-on (10%) in cat .
• 2-5mg/kg Pour-on (4%) in cattle.
• 7-9 mg/kg Pour-on (3%)or 8-20 mg/kg Pour-on (2%) in sheep.

Indication:

• Fleas, lice and flies.

Contraindication:

• Should be used with caution in debilitated, aged, pregnant, or nursing animals, and kittens less than 8 weeks of age or puppies less than 7 weeks of age.

Brands:

• Savior (Imidacloprid 9.10% + Pyriproxyfen 0.46%) Spot On packet (Vetbiochem India).

• Advocate 4ml (10% W/V Imidacloprid and 25% Moxidectin) topical solution ( Bayer Animal Health).

• Imdectin 2.5ml/4ml 10% W/V Imidacloprid and 25% Moxidectin) spot on(Safecon Lifesciences India).

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Ivermectin (Macrocyclic lactone).

• Derived from Streptomyces avermitilis.
• Has both antiparasitic and potential anti-viral activities.
• Should be avoided in dogs.

MOA:

As anti-parasitic:

• Ivermectin acts as a GABA receptor agonist in nematodes and insects. Thus blocks GABA-mediated post-synaptic neuro transmission.
• Also activate glutamate-gated chloride channels in nerve and muscle cells of invertebrates.

Effects:

• Hyperpolarization , paralysis and death of the parasite.
• Cestodes and trematodes lack a GABA system so ivermectin does not effect them.
• In mammals, a GABA system is present only in the CNS, and ivermectin does not pass BBB.

As Antiviral:

• Ivermectin binds with the importin (IMP) alpha/beta1 heterodimers of virus particularly coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). These heterodimers are responsible for the nuclear import of viral proteins such as the integrase (IN) protein.

Effects:

• Nuclear import of host and viral proteins are inhibited and inhibition of viral replication thereof.

Side effects:

• Dehydration, bradycardia, respiratory depression, cyanosis, mydriasis, and a diminished gag reflex, vomiting, ataxia, tremors, hypersalivation, coma, and death.

Species:

• Many species.

Dose:

• 0.2mg/kg S/C or PO.

Indications:

• Nematode Infestation.
• Ectoparasite Infestation.

Contraindication:

• Eleven dog breeds including collies because they have defective p-glycoprotein transporter (ABCB1) in the BBB. This allows easy transport of ivermectin in them and cause ivermectin toxicosis.
• High dose of ivermectin in dogs, horses, and cattle cause CNS toxicity because at high dose BBB gets compromised and toxic effects are due to GABA-mediated cholinergic effects in CNS.
• Kittens because ivermectin crosses BBB in them and exert toxic effects.
• S/c injection in horse.

Brands:

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Lufenuron(benzoylurea ).

• Approved insecticide for Dog.
• Classified as an insect development inhibitor (IDI) or Insect growth inhibitor ( IGI).

MOA:

• Lufenuron gets stored in in the animal’s body fat. Fleas obtain it during sucking blood from the host and transfer it to growing eggs through blood, and to hatched larvae feeding on their excrement.
• The lufenuron inhibits chitin synthetase in the larvae, so chitin is not formed. The internal organs of developing larvae get exposed to air and larvae die due to dehydration.
• Chitin is component of fungal cell wall so the drug also has antifungal action.

Effects:

• Ovicidal.
• Larvicidal.
• Fungicidal.
• No effect on adult fleas.

Side effects:

Following side effects can be observed.

• Vomiting.
• Diarrhea.
• Lack of appetite.
• Tiredness.
• Reddening of the skin or itchiness.
• Small lump at the injection site that resolves in a few weeks.
• Serious side effects are very rare, but may include hives, severe skin rashes, or difficulty breathing.

species:

• Cat and Dog

Drug combinations:

• Lufenuron + Milbemycin as broad spectrum anti-parasitic action.

Dose:

• 10-30 mg/kg PO and 30-60 mg/kg gives 4-5 weeks protection in dog and cat respectively.
• 10-20 mg/kg IM gives 6 months protection in cat.
• Note: The drug should be given when stomach is full.

Indication:

• Flea control in dogs and cats.
• To prevent heartworm disease and flea population in dogs and puppies using lufenuron + milbemycin.

Contraindication:

• Allergy to drug.
• Puppies less than 4 weeks of age.

Brands:

• Shwan Miluf Plus (Milbemycin Oxime 23mg+ Lufenuron 460mg)6 Pipette Pack for 51- 100 lbs weight (Vetbiochem Pvt ltd India).

• Shwan Miluf Plus(Milbemycin Oxime 11.5mg+ Lufenuron 230mg) 6 Pipette Pack for 26- 50 lbs weight (Vetbiochem Pvt ltd India).

• Shwan Miluf Plus(Milbemycin Oxime 5.7mg+ Lufenuron 115mg) 6 Pipette Pack for 11- 25 lbs weight Vetbiochem Pvt ltd India).

• Shwan Miluf Plus (Milbemycin Oxime 2.3mg+ Lufenuron 46.0mg) 6 Pipette Pack for 2 – 10 lbs weight (Vetbiochem Pvt ltd India).

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Milbemycins (macrocyclic lactones)

• Also called MLS .
• Milbemycins are fermentation products of actinomycetes in the genus Streptomyces.
• Drugs:
• 1.Milbemycin Oxime.
• 2.Doramectin.
• 3.Moxidectin

MOA:

• These drugs potentiate glutamate-gated chloride ion channels in parasites which leads to increased permeability to chloride ions and hyperpolarization of nerve cells. These drugs also potentiate other chloride channels, including ones gated by GABA.
• Mammals lack glutamate-gated chloride channels, and there is a lower affinity for other mammalian chloride channels.
• These drugs,due to the presence of p-glycoprotein in CNS, do not penetrate the blood–brain barrier,so GABA-gated channels in the CNS of mammals are not affected.

Effects:

• Over excitation , paralysis and death of parasites.
• These drugs are effective against nematodes and arthropods, but has no effect on flukes or tapeworms.

Side effects:

• Depression.
• Weakness.
• Stumbling or collapse.
• Seizures and convulsions.
• Vomiting and diarrhea.
• Dilated pupils.
• Hyper salivation.

Species:

• Milbemycin Oxim: Dog and Cat.
• Doramectin:Ruminants,Swine and Horse.
• Moxidectin:Ruminants,Swine, Horse, Dog and Cat.

Drug combinations:

• Milbemycin + Lufenuron to enhanced anti Parasitic spectrum .
• Milbemycin + Praziquantal to enhance anti Parasitic spectrum .
• Moxidectin +Imidacloprid to increase anti ectoparasite spectrum.

Dose:

1.Milbemycin Oxime:

500mcg/kg PO Every month till the end of mosquito season in dog.

2000mcg/kg PO once a month in cat.

2.Doramectin:

200mcg/kg IM/SC in cattle sheep and goat.

300mcg/kg IM/SC in swine.

200mcg/kg PO in horse.

• Note: vaccination against Clostridial infections like BQ Malignant edema and (enterotoxaemia) before treatment is very important.

3.Moxidectin:

400mcg/kg PO in horse. 200mcg/kg SC in cattle and sheep.

500mcg/kg topical/PO in cattle. 500mcg/kg PO in sheep. 250mcg-

400mcg/kg PO Weekly for 3-6 weeks in dog.

2500mcg/kg Topical once a month for dog. 250mcg-1000mcg/kg SC in dog. 500mcg-1000mcg/kg PO/Topical in cat.

Indication:

• Ectoparasites.
• Gut nematodes.
• Heart worms.
• Lung worms.

Contraindication:

• Collies and Collie-type dogs are at greater risk to develop intoxication due to limited expression of p-glycoprotein activity in the blood–brain barrier.
• Injectable formulations in animals that produce milk for human consumption due to residue concerns. However, pour-on and topical formulations are approved for use in lactating dairy animals.
• Convulsions.
• Puppies less than 4weeks of age.

Brands:

1.Milbemycin Oxime :

• Interceptor flavour 5.75mg Milbemycin tablets (Elanco Canada). Offered by GNH India.
• Sentinel ( 2.3 mg Milbemycin + 46 mg Lufenuron) tab(Merck USA).
• Sentinel ( 5.75 mg Milbemycin +111 mg Lufenuron) tab(Merck USA).
• Sentinel ( 11.5 mg Milbemycin + 230 mg Lufenuron) tab(Merck USA).
• Sentinel ( 23 mg Milbemycin + 460 mg Lufenuron) tab(Merck USA).

2.Doramectin :

• Dectomax 50ml (1mg Doramectin/ml) Injection vial ( Zoetis India).
• Oramcare 10ml(1mg Doramectin/ml) Injection ( Advacare India/China/ USA).
• Oramcare 30ml(1mg Doramectin/ml) Injection ( Advacare India/China/ USA).
• Oramcare 50ml(1mg Doramectin/ml) Injection ( Advacare India/China/ USA).
• Oramcare 1o0ml(1mg Doramectin/ml) Injection ( Advacare India/China/ USA).

3.Moxidectin :

• Moxidecton 1ml (10mg Moxidectin/ml) Injection ( Intas India).
• Moxidecton 10ml (10mg Moxidectin/ml) Injection ( Intas India).
• AdvoCate Spot-on (10% imidacloprid & 2.5% moxidectin)2.5ml tube( Bayer India).
• AdvoCate Spot-on (10% imidacloprid & 2.5% moxidectin)4ml tube( Bayer India).
• Advantax Spot-on 4ml (400mg imidacloprid and 2,000mg permethrin) tube( Bayer India).

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Nitenpyram ( Neonicotinoid)

• Frequently used as an insecticide in agriculture and veterinary medicine.
• Potent insect neurotoxin.

MOA:

• Nitenpyram works by blocking neural signaling of the central nervous system of insects.
• It does so by binding irreversibly to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nACHr) causing a stop of the flow of ions in the postsynaptic membrane of neurons leading to paralysis and death of insects.
• Nitenpyram is highly selective towards the variation of the nACHr which insects possess, and has seen extensive use in targeted, insecticide applications.

Effects:

• Anti-parasitic ( kills adult flea).

Side-effects:

• Fatigue.
• Convulsions.
• Lethargy.
• Difficult breathing.
• Unstable gait.
• Tremor (uncoordinated trembling or shaking movements).
• Cramps (sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles).

Species:

• Dog and Cat.

Dose:

• 1mg/kg PO OD in dog and cat.

Indication:

• Adult flea Infestation.

Contraindication:

• Pets younger than 4 weeks of age.
• Pets that weigh less than 2 pounds.

Brands:

Capstar 11.4mg Nitenpyram tablet (Novartis Animal Health).

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Selamectin( Macrocyclic Lactone).

• Structurally related to ivermectin and milbemycin.
• FDA approved for topical application and anthelminthic in dogs and cats.
• Wide margin of safety in both dogs and cat.
• No-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL)is 40 mg /kg/day in the dog after 3 months of oral dosing.
• Does not cross BBB and hence GABA gated chloride channel are not affected in mammals.
• Selamectin has high affinity for sebaceous glands and skin.
• T half is11 days in dogs and 8 days in cats.
• Can be used in dogs who are sensitive to ivermectin toxicity.

MOA:

• Selamectin is neurotoxic to parasites by potentiating glutamate-gated chloride ion channels in parasites.
• Chloride channels remain permeable to chloride ions for long duration and this leads hyperpolarization of nerve cells.
• This drug also potentiate other chloride channels, including ones gated by gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Effects:

• Hyper polarizing effect and death of parasites.

Side effects:

• Hair loss at the application site.
• Less common:
• Drooling.
• Rapid breathing.
• Lack of coordination.
• Vomiting, or diarrhea.
• Shock due to reaction by death of blood parasites.

Species:

• Dog and Cat.

Dose:

• 6mg/kg topical application.
• 12 mg/kg topical application for rabbits.

Indication:

• Treatment and control of heartworms, fleas, ear mites, sarcoptic mange (scabies) in dogs and cats.
• Control of hookworms, and roundworms in cats.
• Ectoparasite control in rabbits.

Contraindication:

• Use cautiously in dog breeds sensitive to ivermectin toxicity.

Brands:

• Clearkill 2ml (120 mg selamectin/ml) tube (Disinfecto Chemical Industries Pvt. Ltd. India).

• Radicate Spot On 0.5ml (120 mg selamectin/ml) tube ( Veko India).
• Radicate Spot On 1ml (120 mg selamectin/ml) tube ( Veko India).
• Radicate Spot On 2ml (120 mg selamectin/ml) tube ( Veko India).
• Radicate Spot On 3ml (120 mg selamectin/ml) tubes ( Veko India).

• Selamec 0.5ml (120 mg selamectin/ml) tube ( Petcare India).

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Sarolaner(Isoxazoline compound).

• FDA approved noval ectoparasiticide drug for use in dog.
• Broad spectrum activity against fleas, ticks and mites.
• S -enantiomer of sarolaner has least off target effects.
• Available in chewable form in the market.

MOA:

• Sarolaner binds GABA and Glutamate receptors at neuromuscular junction of insects and Inhibits their function. This results in uncontrolled neuromuscular activity.

Effects:

• Paralysis and death of parasite.

Side effects:

• Vomiting.
• Dairhoea.
• Lathargy.
• Abnormal nervous signs like tremors,ataxia , seizures etc.

Drug combination:

• Selamectin + sarolaner for broad action against parasites.

Species:

• Dog and Cat.

Dose:

• 2–4 mg/kg PO once a month.

Indication:

• Treatment and control of flea infestation.
• Treatment and control of tick infestation.

Contraindication:

• Not known.

Brands:

• Simparica 5mg sarolaner tab( Zoetis India).
• Simparica10mg sarolanertab( Zoetis India)./ Simparica 20mg sarolanertab( Zoetis India).
• Simparica 40mg sarolanertab( Zoetis India).
• Simparica 80mg sarolanertab( Zoetis India).
• Simparica 120mg sarolaner tabtab( Zoetis India).

• Revolution plus 0.25ml ( 15mg selamectin and 2.5mg sarolaner) topical solution tube ( Zoetis USA).
• Revolution plus 0.5ml ( 30mg selamectin and 5mg sarolaner)topical solution tube ( Zoetis USA).
• Revolution plus 1ml ( 60mg selamectin and 10mg sarolaner)topical solution tube ( Zoetis USA).

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Spinosad (mixture of spinosyn A, the major component, and spinosyn D ,the minor component).

• considered as natural product for use in agriculture crops.
• Insecticide obtained from bacteria Saccharopolyspora spinosa.
• Aproved for use in pets.

MOA:

• Spinosyns binds acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) of the insect nervous system and lead to disruption of acetylcholine neurotransmission.
• Spinosad also has secondary effects as a γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter agonist. It kills insects by hyperexcitation of the insect nervous system.
• Spinosad does not cause cross-resistance to any other known insecticide.

Effects:

• As Insecticidal in the adult stage as well as in larval stage.

Side effects:

• Vomiting.
• Depression/lethargy.
• Decreased appetite.
• Incoordination.
• Diarrhea.
• Itching and trembling.
• Excessive salivation and seizures.

Species:

• Cat and Dog.

Dose:

• 30 mg/kg P O.

Indications:

• Treatment of ectoparasitic infestation in canines and felines.

Contraindication:

• Use with caution in breeding females and dogs with pre-existing epilepsy.
• Should not be used below 14 weeks of age.

Brands:

• Comfortis 6 tab strip ( Elanco USA).
• Composition: Each tab contains 270mg Spinosad.

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Shampoos (primary surfactants of the anionic type, mainly alkyl sulfates, as detergent and foaming agents).

General features:

• Shampoos produce a voluminous lather and effectively cleanse the hair and scalp and are easily rinsed out with water, leaving the hair soft, lustrous, and moisturized.
• Shampoo-therapy is an ideal therapeutic option in veterinary medicine due to the presence of haircoat, particularly when skin lesions are multiple or generalised.
• Shampoo are easy to perform, may be prescribed instead of systemic therapy in many cases.
• Shampoo-therapy is cheaper than systemic antibiotic therapy in canine pyoderma.
• Medicated shampoos are specific for different skin conditions like bacterial infection,fungal infection, parasitic infestation, seborrhoeic dermatitis,pruritis and as emollient/hydrating agents.
• Generally, shampoos can be applied 1 to 2 times weekly to treat infection, and 2 to 4 times monthly to prevent infection recurrence. Topicals such as sprays, wipes, or mousses can be used up to once or twice daily until the infection is resolved, then every 2 to 3 days to prevent recurrence

Antibacterial and anti fungal shampoos:

Active ingredients:

Benzoyl Peroxide ( bactericidal agent for pyotraumatic dermatitis (hot spots), seborrhea, canine acne and Demodectic mange. ) Zinc Oxide ( acts by providing a physical barrier to prevent skin irritation and help heal damaged skin).

Chlorhexidine( causes cell death through destabilization of the cell walls, leading to cell content leakage ) Sulfur ( kills parasites, ringworm fungi, and bacteri ) Salicylic Acid(keratoplastic at low concentrations (0.1%-0.2%) and gains keratolytic effects at 3% to 6% concentrations)

Sodium hypochlorite ( an effective treatment for canine pyoderma).

Ketoconazole ( antifungal).

Miconazole ( antifungal).

Common brands in India:

• Bensulph 200ml ( Funggo India).

Composition:

Benzoyl Peroxide : 2.5% w/v Zinc Oxide :  0.25% w/v Micronized Sulphur : 2.0% w/v Salicylic Acid :  1% w/v Forte Foam  : q.s

• Conaseb 200ml Shampoo( Intas India)

Composition:

Ketoconazole: 2.0% w/v

Chlorhexidine Gluconate: 2.0% w/v

Cetrimide 0.1% w/v

• Micodin 200ml shampoo(( Intas India)

Composition:

Miconazole Nitrate: 2.0% w/v

Chlorhexidine Gluconate: 2.0% w/v.

• Ketochlor 200ml shampoo( Virbac India).

Composition:

Chlorhexidine Gluconate IP (2.1%), Ketoconazole IP (1%)

• Pethex 200ml shampoo(Pet care India).

Composition:

Miconazole Nitrate: 2.0% w/v

Chlorhexidine Gluconate: 2.0% w/v.

• Sebout 200ml shampoo( Veko India).

Composition:

Chlorohexidine gluconate :2% w/v,

Miconazole nitrate :2% w/v

Antiparasitic Shampoos:

Active ingredients.

Permethrin( disrupt the sodium channel current by which the polarization of the nerve membrane is regulated).

cypermethrin( disrupt the sodium channel current by which the polarization of the nerve membrane is regulated)

Coaltar ( suppresses deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, thereby inhibiting keratinocyte proliferation that results in the thick, plaque formations).

Common brands in India:

• Dermo care 1000ml( Peychotropics India)

Composition: Permethrin: 1.0% w/v Coaltar : qs , Aleo vera:qs

• Clinar pet 100ml shampoo( Verbac India).

Composition: Cypermethrin: 1.0% w/v

• Softas plus 200ml shampoo ( Intas Inidia).

Composition:

Permethrin : 2% w/w Aloe vera    :0.5% w/w

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Diphenhydramine(Ethanolamine Class).

• Antihistaminergic drug

MOA:

• Diphenhydramine binds with H1 receptors as inverse agonist and inhibits uptake of receptors in respiratory tract, GIT and blood vessels and brain.
• It antagonise muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
• It also blocks intra cellular sodium channels.

Effects:

• anti-allergic and sedative effect.
• anticholinergic effect.
• local anaesthetic effect.

Species:

• Dog, Cat ,Horse , and Cattle.

Dose:

• 2-4mg/kg PO/IV BD/TD.

Indication:

• Itching.
• Hives.
• Swelling and inflammation.
• Redness.
• Runny nose and eyes.
• Coughing.
• Sneezing.
• Anaphylactic reaction.
• Allergic reaction in Mast cell tumour.
• Motion sickness.
• Mild tranquiliser.

Contraindication:

• Use cautiously in following conditions. 1. Prostrate enlargement. 2. Bladder neck obstruction. 3. Close angle glaucoma. 4. Pregnancy and lactation. 5. Allergic COPD. 6. Severe heart disease. 7. Hypertension. 8. Thyroid disease. 9. Obstruction.

Brands:

• Dramine100ml inj vial ( IPPL india).

Composition: Each ml contains 6.25 mg Diphenhydramine hydrochloride +20 mg Thaimine HCL (vit. B1) +112.4 mg Ascorbic acid (vit C) +100 mg Glucose.

Human brands in India:

• Benadryl 100ml syrup( Pfizer India).

Composition: Diphenhydramine 12.5mg/5ml.

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Hydroxyzine ( Antihistaminic)

• Extra label drug.
• Antiallergic.

MOA:

• Hydroxyzine competes with histamine for H1 receptor sites on the target cells in the respiratory tract, intestines, blood vessels, and the skin.

Effects:

• Anticholinergic( weak).
• Sedative.
• Antispasmodic.
• Mild bronchodilation.
• Antiemetic.

Side effects:

• Excitability, tremors, dry mouth and polydipsia, constipation, and appetite loss.
• Behavioral changes in cats .
• urinating or seizures( serious side effects).

Species:

• Dog ,Cat and Horse.

Drug combination:

• Additive effect when used with CNS antidepressants.
• Usually given in combination with corticosteroids.

Dose:

• 0.5–2 mg/kg PO TID in dog.
• 0.5-1mg/kg PO/IM TID in horse.
• 1-2mg/kg PO BID in cat.

Indication:

• Atopic dermatitis in dog.
• feline symmetrical alopecia of allergic origin, miliary dermatitis, and eosinophilic granuloma complex in cat .
• Hives and itchy or bumpy allergic skin reactions in horse.

Contra Indication: Use cautiously in animals having:

• Glaucoma,
• Prostatic hypertrophy.
• Bladder neck obstruction.
• Pylodeudenal obstruction.
• Cardiac arrythmia, or heart failure.

Availability:

Available as human brands in India.

• Atarax 25 mg tablet ( UCB India).
• Anxorax 25mg tablet( Intas India).
• Hydil 25mg tablet ( Psychotropic India).
• Atarax 2ml injection (UCB India).

Composition: Each ml contains 25mg Hydoxyzine.

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Oclacitinib(Cyclohexylamino pyrrolopyrimidine)

• For control of atopic dermatitis and pruritus from allergic dermatitis in dogs.

MOA:

• Oclacitinib is a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor. Janus kinase preferably (JAK1) is involved in production of proinflammatory cytokines(IL-31).
• This reduces IL-31 induced pruritus in dogs.
• It also inhibit the function of other proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13 that may be involved with allergy.

Effects:

• Antipruritic and anti-allergic.

Side-effects:

• Side effects are infrequent, mild, and mostly self-limiting.
• The most common side effects are gastrointestinal problems (vomiting, diarrhea, and appetite loss) and lethargy.

Species:

• Dog.

Dose:

• 0.4-0.6mg/kg PO BID X 14 days

Indication:

• Pruritus and atopic dermatitis.

Contraindication:

• Younger dogs.
• Should be avoided in dogs less than 3 kg (6.6 lb).
• It should not be used in dogs with cancer or a history of it.
• It should not be used in dogs with serious infections.

Brands:

• Apoquel 5.4mg oclacitinib ( zoetis Canada) offered by GNH India.

Pyrilamine

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Pyrilamine( First generation antihistamine).

• Also known as Mepyramine.
• FDA approved for use as antiallergic in horses.

MOA:

• Binds with H1 receptors and acts inverse agonist.

Effects:

• Anti histaminic effects.

Side effects:

• Nervousness.
• Convulsions and tremors.
• lack of coordination.
• Palpitations.
• Gut disturbances.
• Anorexia.
• Drowsiness.
• Weakness.

Drug combination:

• Pyrilamine +Guaifenesin
• Pyrilamine+ Ephedrine/ pseudo Ephedrine As effective treatment for allergic reactions and cough.

Species:

• Horse.

Dose:

• 0.6 mg/kg PO BD for horses.
• 0.8 – 1.2 mg/kg IV/IM for horses.

Indication:

• Heaves.
• Bee sting.
• Hypersensitive reaction to foreign substances.
• Allergic rihnitis.
• Itchy skin.

Contraindication.

• Horse intended for food use.

Brands:

• Hist-EQ 20 Ounce Powder (Henry Scheina Animal Health Ireland).

Composition: Each ounce contains: 600 mg Pyrilamine Maleate.

• Hista Granules (Henry Scheina Animal Health Ireland).

Composition: Each Ounce Contains: 600 mg Pyrilamine Maleate. 600 mg Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride.

• Tri hist Granules Powder ( Neogen Vet U.S.A).

Composition: Each Ounce Contains: 600 mg Pyrilamine Maleate. 600 mg Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride.

• Antihist solution 100ml inj( Professional Veterinary Laboratories Canada).

Composition: Each ml contains: 25 mg Pyrilamine Maleate. 10 mg Ephedrine Hydrochloride.

PovidoneIodine

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Povidone iodine(Iodophor)(Chemical complex of povidone, hydrogen iodide and elemental Iodine).

• Disinfectant causing protein denaturation followed by death of pathogenic microorganisms.
• Spectrum – large( kill viruses, bacteria, spores, fungi, and protozoa)
• Destroys biofilms in chronic wounds as well as in acute wounds.

MOA:

• Free iodine is released into aqueous solution from the povidone iodine complex till an equilibrium is established.
• Povidone iodine reservoir releases more iodine when free iodine enters into microorganisms.
• Upon entery into the microorganisms and Iodine causes destablisation of proteins including cytosolic enzymes,and neuclic acid structure.
• Iodine in wound also perform following actions

• Sterilization and disinfection.
• Promotion of wound healing.

• Side effects:
• local swelling, irritation, itching, and rash .
• Prolonged use of povidone iodine can have corrosive effects due to its iodine content.

Species:

• Multiple species.
  Dose:

• Clean the affected area and apply a desired amount of 5% or 10% povidone Iodine( supplying 0.5% and 1% Iodine respectively) solution as per the area of wound 1 to 3 times daily.
• Allow to dry and apply sterile bandage.
• Indication:

• Chronic wounds.
• Acute wounds.
• Burns.
• Prepration of the site for surgical procedure.

• Allergic reaction.
  Brands:

• Vetadine 5% 450ml solution( Geevet Remedies India).
• Vetpro 5% 500ml solution( Sushima Lab India).

Human brands In India.

• Wokadine 5% /10% 500ml solution( Dr Reddys Lab India).

• Wokadine 10% 15 g ointment( Dr Reddys Lab India).

• Betadine 5% /10% 200ml soluton( Win Medicare India).
• Betadine 10%15g ointment( Win Medicare India).
• Povidone Iodine 500ml solution( AHPL India).
• Povidone 15g ointment( AHPL India).
• Wokadine 5% 500ml solution( Cadila Pharmaceuticals India).

Cetrimide

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Cetrimide ( Quaternary Ammonium salt).

• Mixture of trimethyltetradecylammonium bromide(major amount), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (minor amount).
• Antiseptic and surfactant.
• Poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is quickly excreted.
• Not absorbed into the system when applied topically.
• Used as a topical antiseptic at concentrations of up to 2%.
• Inactive towards bacterial spores, effective against some viruses and has variable anti-fungal activity.
• Chemical structure is similar to that of acetyl choline. It is a partial agonist and has
  depolarising muscle relaxant activities.

MOA:

• Cetrimide in aqueous solution dissociates to a biologically-active cation and an inactive anion.Cation is responsible for the surfactant activity.
• Cetrimide cause denaturation of microbial protiens and enzymes.
• Cetrimide has detergent like action and incerases the permeabilty of bacterial cell membrane.

Effects:

• Germicidal action and decrease in stablity of bioflim

Side effects:

• Irritation , rashes and swelling.
• At toxic dose levels, paralysis of the respiratory muscles and central nervous system depression.

Drug comibination:

• Cetrimide can be combined with Chlorhexadine , Isopropylalcohol , Proflavin , Permetrin and Gamma Benzene Hexachloride for obtaining large spectrum action.

Dose and Adminstration:

• After cleaning wound, apply on it 0.1-1% aqueous solution or 0.5% cream as per requirment.

Indication :

• Contaminated and infected wounds.
• Prepration of the site for surgical procedure.

Contraindication:

• Donot not use in nose, ears, mouth or eye injuries.
• Hypersensintivity.

Brnads :

• Gammacon-CP 100g ointment (Perfocon Pharma India).

Composition: Gamma Benzene Hexachloride IP 0.1% w/w ,Proflavine Hemisulphate 0.1% w/w and Cetrimide 0.45% w/w.

• Protex-G 50g cream (Geevet Remedies India).

Composition: Gamma Benzene Hexachloride IP 0.1% w/w ,Proflavine Hemisulphate 0.1% w/w and Cetrimide 0.45% w/w.

• lorexene 100g cream(Verbac India).

Composition: Gamma Benzene Hexachloride IP 0.1% w/w ,Proflavine Hemisulphate 0.1% w/w and Cetrimide 0.45% w/w.

• lorexene 50 ml spray (Verbac India).

Composition: Gamma Benzene Hexachloride IP 0.1% w/w ,Proflavine Hemisulphate 0.1% w/w and Cetrimide 0.45% w/w.

• Mago 50 gm cream (Care Agro Vet labortries India).

Composition: Gamma Benzene Hexachloride IP 0.5% w/w ,Proflavine Hemisulphate 0.5% w/w and Cetrimide 0.45% w/w.

Human brands:

Chlorhexidine

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Chlorhexidine ( Biguanide).

• Cationic in solution.
• Most effective against gram positive bacteria.
• Relatively ineffective against gram negative bacteria, spores, fungi and viruses.
• Pus , blood and hard water decrease the action of chlorhexidine.
• Residual effect lasts for 6 hours.

MOA:

• Chlorhexidine has detergent like action and incerases the permeabilty of bacterial cell membrane.

Effects:

• Germicidal action and decrease in stablity of bioflim

Side effects:

• Irritation , rashes and swelling

Drug comibination:

• Chlorhexadine can be combined with Cetrimide , Isopropylalcohol for obtaining large spectrum action.

Species :

• Many species.

Dose and Adminstration:

• After cleaning wound, apply chlorhexadine on it as aqueous solution or cream as per requirment.

Indication :

• Contaminated and infected wounds.
• Prepration of the site for surgical procedure.

Contraindication:

• Donot not use in nose, ears, mouth or eye injuries.
• Hypersensintivity.

Brands :

• Savlon 100ml/250ml/1000ml lotion( Johnson and Johnson india).

Composition: Chlorhexadine IP 0.3% w/v and Cetrimide 0.6% w/v.

• Intalon 100ml/ 500ml lotion( Intas india).

Composition: Chlorhexadine IP 0.3% w/v and Cetrimide 0.6% w/v.

Proflavin

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Proflavine Hemisulphate ( Hemisulfate of proflavin and acridine).

• Potentially used for cellular imaging and antiseptic purpose.
• Toxic in nature so use only on surface wounds.

MOA:

• Proflavin enters into the neucleus of bacterial cell where it binds with DNA and disrupts replication of DNA.

Effects:

• Becteriostatic action.

Side effects:

• Cytotoxicity.

Drug combination:

• Proflavin can be combined with other antiseptics and Gamma Benzene Hexachloride for obtaining large spectrum of action.

Species:

• Many species.

Dose and adminstration:

• After cleaning wound, apply chlorhexadine on it as aqueous solution or cream as per requirment.

Indication:

• Contaminated and infected wounds.

Contraindcation:

• Donot not use in nose, ears, mouth or eye injuries.
• Hypersensintivity.

Brands:

• Heal-out 30 gm cream(Vetsteps India).
• Lorexane 100g cream( Vebac India).
• Doraxin 30 gm cream(Dotcom Pharma India).
• Medibik 100gm cream(Medilogy India).

Composition: Gamma Benzene Hexachloride IP 0.1% w/w ,Proflavine Hemisulphate 0.1% w/w and Cetrimide 0.45% w/w.

• Coolmac 50g ointment( Macnor India).

Composition :

Benzoyl peroxide

By M. Younus, BVSc, MVSc, SKUAST-K

Benzoyl peroxide

• Powerful oxidising agent.
• Inexpensive agent for prevention of wound infections in seborrheic regions.
• Stimulates granulation tissue formation in wound.

MOA:

• Benzoyl peroxide on skin suface decomposes into benzoic acid and oxygen  which is lethal to the bacteria.
• Benzoyloxy radicals nonspecifically interact with proteins and decreases keratin and sebum around follicles.
• Benzoyl peroxide acts as irritant so increases turnover rate of epithelial cells, thereby peeling the skin and promoting the resolution of comedones.

Effects:

• Bactericidal action.
• Wound healing.

Side effects:

• Release of heat.
• Tingling.
• Peeling of skin.
• Irritation and formation of excess granulation tissue on its prolong use.

Drug combination:

• Erythromycin, Clindamycin or Adapalene can be combined with Benzoyl peroxide.
• Other antiseptic can be combined with Benzoyl peroxide.

Species:

• Many species.

Dose:

• Apply Benzoyl peroxide 1-2 times a day on infected area .

Indication :

• Wound dressing.
• Treatment of comedone disorder.
• Treatment of hyperkaratoasis.

Contraindication:

• Should not be used near or on exposed blood vessels.
• Avoid contact with the eyes or mucous membranes.

Brands:

Benzoyl peroxide is found in veterinary shampoos, often combined with other drugs.

Human brands in India:

• Bezac-Ac 5% Benzoyl peroxide 30g gel ( Galerma India).
• Abenz 5% 5% Benzoyl peroxide 20g gel ( Affy Pharma India).
• Kneroxiod 5%/10% Benzoyl peroxide 20g gel ( Boots Peramal Healthcare India).
• Pernox 2.5%/10% Benzoyl peroxide 20g gel ( Cosme Healthcare India).
• Acno 5% Benzoyl peroxide 20g gel ( Dermo labs India).
• Benide 5% Benzoyl peroxide 20g gel ( Gary Pharmaceuticals India).